Django 1.11.9 文档详解

1.11.9

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"这是Django 1.11.9版本的官方文档，包含了从入门到进阶的全方位指导。" Django是Python编程语言中的一款流行Web框架，它以其高效、可扩展和易于使用而备受开发者喜爱。Django 1.11.9文档详细介绍了该框架的各个方面，为开发者提供了全面的学习资源。 1. **获取帮助**：Django社区非常活跃，文档中提供了多种获取帮助的途径，包括邮件列表、论坛和IRC频道，确保用户在遇到问题时能够得到及时解答。 2. **文档组织结构**：文档分为多个部分，便于用户按照特定主题或学习路径进行查阅，如模型、视图、模板、表单、国际化和优化等。 3. **第一步**：对于初学者，文档首先介绍如何开始使用Django，包括安装、配置和创建第一个项目。 4. **模型层**：模型是Django中数据的抽象，用于定义数据库中的表结构。这部分讲解了如何创建模型、字段类型以及模型之间的关系。 5. **视图层**：视图负责处理HTTP请求并返回响应，它是应用的核心逻辑。文档详细阐述了如何编写视图函数和类视图。 6. **模板层**：模板系统是Django的MVT（Model-View-Template）设计模式的一部分，用于生成HTML输出。文档涵盖了模板语言的语法和模板继承等概念。 7. **表单**：Django的表单系统简化了处理用户输入的过程，包括验证和渲染。这部分介绍了如何定义和使用自定义表单。 8. **开发过程**：文档中包含了关于Django开发环境的设置、调试工具和测试策略的信息。 9. **管理界面**：Django内置的管理界面允许开发者快速创建后台管理系统，方便管理数据。 10. **安全**：安全是Web开发的重要考虑因素，Django提供了许多内置的安全特性，如防止XSS和CSRF攻击，文档对此进行了详细解释。 11. **国际化和本地化**：Django支持多语言，文档中讲述了如何实现应用的国际化和本地化，包括翻译文本和日期格式化。 12. **性能和优化**：这部分内容提供了提高Django应用性能的建议，如缓存机制和数据库优化。 13. **Python兼容性**：Django 1.11.9支持Python的多个版本，文档指出了兼容性问题和解决方法。 14. **地理框架**：Django提供了地理数据的支持，如GIS模型和地图集成。 15. **常见Web应用工具**：文档还介绍了Django与其他Web相关的工具和服务的集成，如静态文件处理和媒体文件管理。 16. **其他核心功能**：包括中间件、URL路由、用户认证和授权系统等，这些都是Django的强大特性。 17. **Django开源项目**：这部分讲述了Django的开放源代码政策、贡献指南以及社区参与方式。 2. **开始使用Django**：文档包含了一个逐步的快速入门指南，从安装Django到构建第一个应用程序，覆盖了所有基础步骤。通过这份详尽的Django 1.11.9文档，无论是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能找到所需的信息，提升自己的Django技能。

Django Documentation, Release 1.11.9.dev20180102003533

The philosophy here is that your site is edited by a staff, or a client, or maybe just you – and you don’t want to have to

deal with creating backend interfaces just to manage content.

One typical workﬂow in creating Django apps is to create models and get the admin sites up and running as fast as

possible, so your staff (or clients) can start populating data. Then, develop the way data is presented to the public.

2.1.5 Design your URLs

A clean, elegant URL scheme is an important detail in a high-quality Web application. Django encourages beautiful

URL design and doesn’t put any cruft in URLs, like .php or .asp.

To design URLs for an app, you create a Python module called a URLconf . A table of contents for your app, it contains

a simple mapping between URL patterns and Python callback functions. URLconfs also serve to decouple URLs from

Python code.

Here’s what a URLconf might look like for the Reporter/Article example above:

mysite/news/urls.py

from django.conf.urls import url

from . import views

urlpatterns = [

url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive),

url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$', views.month_archive),

url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$', views.article_detail),

]

The code above maps URLs, as simple regular expressions, to the location of Python callback functions (“views”).

The regular expressions use parenthesis to “capture” values from the URLs. When a user requests a page, Django runs

through each pattern, in order, and stops at the ﬁrst one that matches the requested URL. (If none of them matches,

Django calls a special-case 404 view.) This is blazingly fast, because the regular expressions are compiled at load

time.

Once one of the regexes matches, Django calls the given view, which is a Python function. Each view gets passed a

request object – which contains request metadata – and the values captured in the regex.

For example, if a user requested the URL “/articles/2005/05/39323/”, Django would call the function news.views.

article_detail(request, '2005', '05', '39323').

2.1.6 Write your views

Each view is responsible for doing one of two things: Returning an HttpResponse object containing the content

for the requested page, or raising an exception such as Http404. The rest is up to you.

Generally, a view retrieves data according to the parameters, loads a template and renders the template with the

retrieved data. Here’s an example view for year_archive from above:

mysite/news/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import Article

def year_archive(request, year):

a_list = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=year)

context = {'year': year, 'article_list': a_list}

return render(request, 'news/year_archive.html', context)

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This example uses Django’s template system, which has several powerful features but strives to stay simple enough

for non-programmers to use.

2.1.7 Design your templates

The code above loads the news/year_archive.html template.

Django has a template search path, which allows you to minimize redundancy among templates. In your Django

settings, you specify a list of directories to check for templates with DIRS. If a template doesn’t exist in the ﬁrst

directory, it checks the second, and so on.

Let’s say the news/year_archive.html template was found. Here’s what that might look like:

mysite/news/templates/news/year_archive.html

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block title %}Articles for {{ year }}{% endblock %}

{% block content %}

<h1>Articles for {{ year }}</h1>

{% for article in article_list %}

<p>{{ article.headline }}</p>

<p>By {{ article.reporter.full_name }}</p>

<p>Published {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }}</p>

{% endfor %}

{% endblock %}

Variables are surrounded by double-curly braces. {{ article.headline }} means “Output the value of the

article’s headline attribute.” But dots aren’t used only for attribute lookup. They also can do dictionary-key lookup,

index lookup and function calls.

Note {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }} uses a Unix-style “pipe” (the “|” character). This is called

a template ﬁlter, and it’s a way to ﬁlter the value of a variable. In this case, the date ﬁlter formats a Python datetime

object in the given format (as found in PHP’s date function).

You can chain together as many ﬁlters as you’d like. You can write custom template ﬁlters. You can write custom

template tags, which run custom Python code behind the scenes.

Finally, Django uses the concept of “template inheritance”. That’s what the {% extends "base.html" %}

does. It means “First load the template called ‘base’, which has deﬁned a bunch of blocks, and ﬁll the blocks with

the following blocks.” In short, that lets you dramatically cut down on redundancy in templates: each template has to

deﬁne only what’s unique to that template.

Here’s what the “base.html” template, including the use of static ﬁles, might look like:

mysite/templates/base.html

{% load static %}

<html>

<head>

<title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>

</head>

<body>

{% block content %}{% endblock %}

</body>

</html>

2.1. Django at a glance 11

Django Documentation, Release 1.11.9.dev20180102003533

Simplistically, it deﬁnes the look-and-feel of the site (with the site’s logo), and provides “holes” for child templates to

ﬁll. This makes a site redesign as easy as changing a single ﬁle – the base template.

It also lets you create multiple versions of a site, with different base templates, while reusing child templates. Django’s

creators have used this technique to create strikingly different mobile versions of sites – simply by creating a new base

template.

Note that you don’t have to use Django’s template system if you prefer another system. While Django’s template

system is particularly well-integrated with Django’s model layer, nothing forces you to use it. For that matter, you

don’t have to use Django’s database API, either. You can use another database abstraction layer, you can read XML

ﬁles, you can read ﬁles off disk, or anything you want. Each piece of Django – models, views, templates – is decoupled

from the next.

2.1.8 This is just the surface

This has been only a quick overview of Django’s functionality. Some more useful features:

• A caching framework that integrates with memcached or other backends.

• A syndication framework that makes creating RSS and Atom feeds as easy as writing a small Python class.

• More sexy automatically-generated admin features – this overview barely scratched the surface.

The next obvious steps are for you to download Django, read the tutorial and join the community. Thanks for your

interest!

2.2 Quick install guide

Before you can use Django, you’ll need to get it installed. We have a complete installation guide that covers all

the possibilities; this guide will guide you to a simple, minimal installation that’ll work while you walk through the

introduction.

2.2.1 Install Python

Being a Python Web framework, Django requires Python. See What Python version can I use with Django? for details.

Python includes a lightweight database called SQLite so you won’t need to set up a database just yet.

Get the latest version of Python at https://www.python.org/downloads/ or with your operating system’s package man-

ager.

Django on Jython

If you use Jython (a Python implementation for the Java platform), you’ll need to follow a few additional steps. See

Running Django on Jython for details.

You can verify that Python is installed by typing python from your shell; you should see something like:

Python 3.4.x

[GCC 4.x] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>>

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• A public site that lets people view polls and vote in them.

• An admin site that lets you add, change, and delete polls.

We’ll assume you have Django installed already. You can tell Django is installed and which version by running the

following command in a shell prompt (indicated by the $ preﬁx):

$ python -m django --version

If Django is installed, you should see the version of your installation. If it isn’t, you’ll get an error telling “No module

named django”.

This tutorial is written for Django 1.11 and Python 3.4 or later. If the Django version doesn’t match, you can refer to

the tutorial for your version of Django by using the version switcher at the bottom right corner of this page, or update

Django to the newest version. If you are still using Python 2.7, you will need to adjust the code samples slightly, as

described in comments.

See How to install Django for advice on how to remove older versions of Django and install a newer one.

Where to get help:

If you’re having trouble going through this tutorial, please post a message to django-users or drop by #django on

irc.freenode.net to chat with other Django users who might be able to help.

2.3.1 Creating a project

If this is your ﬁrst time using Django, you’ll have to take care of some initial setup. Namely, you’ll need to auto-

generate some code that establishes a Django project – a collection of settings for an instance of Django, including

database conﬁguration, Django-speciﬁc options and application-speciﬁc settings.

From the command line, cd into a directory where you’d like to store your code, then run the following command:

$ django-admin startproject mysite

This will create a mysite directory in your current directory. If it didn’t work, see Problems running django-admin.

Note: You’ll need to avoid naming projects after built-in Python or Django components. In particular, this means

you should avoid using names like django (which will conﬂict with Django itself) or test (which conﬂicts with a

built-in Python package).

Where should this code live?

If your background is in plain old PHP (with no use of modern frameworks), you’re probably used to putting code

under the Web server’s document root (in a place such as /var/www). With Django, you don’t do that. It’s not a

good idea to put any of this Python code within your Web server’s document root, because it risks the possibility that

people may be able to view your code over the Web. That’s not good for security.

Put your code in some directory outside of the document root, such as /home/mycode.

Let’s look at what startproject created:

mysite/

manage.py

mysite/

14 Chapter 2. Getting started

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