深入理解计算机系统(原书第2版)英文版：程序员视角

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"深入理解计算机系统(原书第2版)[英文版]" 是一本由Randal E. Bryant和David R. O'Hallaron合著的专业计算机科学书籍，旨在帮助程序员从底层角度理解计算机系统的工作原理。书中内容涵盖计算机硬件、操作系统、编译器、内存管理等多个关键领域。在计算机系统中，程序员的视角尤为重要，因为这直接影响到程序的性能、效率和可靠性。本书通过深入探讨这些主题，使读者能够更好地设计和优化他们的软件。以下是书中可能涉及的一些核心知识点： 1. **硬件基础**：介绍计算机的基本组成部分，如CPU（中央处理器）、内存（RAM）、I/O设备以及它们之间的交互。CPU的结构，包括指令集、流水线和缓存机制，对于理解程序执行速度至关重要。 2. **数据表示与运算**：讲解二进制、十六进制、浮点数和整数的表示方式，以及算术和逻辑运算在计算机中的实现，这对理解数值计算的精度和效率有深远影响。 3. **内存层次结构**：讨论内存的不同层次，从高速缓存（L1、L2、L3）到主内存，再到硬盘存储，理解这些层次如何影响程序的访问速度和数据存储。 4. **编译器与解释器**：分析编译器如何将高级语言转化为机器语言，以及优化过程，包括词法分析、语法分析、中间代码生成和目标代码生成等阶段。 5. **操作系统的角色**：讲解操作系统如何管理进程、内存、文件系统和设备驱动，以及并发、同步和通信机制，这对于编写多线程或分布式程序的开发者尤为关键。 6. **虚拟内存**：介绍虚拟地址空间的概念，页表和段表的工作方式，以及页面替换算法，这些内容对理解程序的内存管理和运行时行为至关重要。 7. **输入/输出(I/O)**：讨论I/O设备的分类，中断处理，以及异步I/O和同步I/O的区别，这对于处理文件、网络通信和其他外部设备的程序设计非常有用。 8. **程序性能分析**：介绍性能分析工具和技术，如 profilng 和 benchmarking，以及如何通过优化代码来提升程序性能。 9. **安全与并发问题**：涵盖内存安全问题，如缓冲区溢出和指针错误，以及并发编程中的死锁、活锁和竞态条件。 10. **计算机网络基础**：虽然可能不是主要内容，但计算机系统的视角也包含网络通信的基础，如TCP/IP协议栈和网络编程接口。这本书对于希望深入理解计算机工作原理，尤其是对软件性能有追求的程序员来说是一本宝贵的资源。英文版的阅读体验经过优化，配有中文书签，方便快速查阅。通过阅读本书，读者不仅可以掌握理论知识，还能学会如何将这些知识应用到实际编程实践中，提升编程技能。

Contents xv

9.7.1 Core i7 Address Translation 800

9.7.2 Linux Virtual Memory System 803

9.8 Memory Mapping 807

9.8.1 Shared Objects Revisited 807

9.8.2 The

fork Function Revisited 809

9.8.3 The

execve Function Revisited 810

9.8.4 User-level Memory Mapping with the

mmap Function 810

9.9 Dynamic Memory Allocation 812

9.9.1 The

malloc and free Functions 814

9.9.2 Why Dynamic Memory Allocation? 816

9.9.3 Allocator Requirements and Goals 817

9.9.4 Fragmentation 819

9.9.5 Implementation Issues 820

9.9.6 Implicit Free Lists 820

9.9.7 Placing Allocated Blocks 822

9.9.8 Splitting Free Blocks 823

9.9.9 Getting Additional Heap Memory 823

9.9.10 Coalescing Free Blocks 824

9.9.11 Coalescing with Boundary Tags 824

9.9.12 Putting It Together: Implementing a Simple Allocator 827

9.9.13 Explicit Free Lists 835

9.9.14 Segregated Free Lists 836

9.10 Garbage Collection 838

9.10.1 Garbage Collector Basics 839

9.10.2 Mark&Sweep Garbage Collectors 840

9.10.3 Conservative Mark&Sweep for C Programs 842

9.11 Common Memory-Related Bugs in C Programs 843

9.11.1 Dereferencing Bad Pointers 843

9.11.2 Reading Uninitialized Memory 843

9.11.3 Allowing Stack Buffer Overﬂows 844

9.11.4 Assuming that Pointers and the Objects They Point to Are the

Same Size 844

9.11.5 Making Off-by-One Errors 845

9.11.6 Referencing a Pointer Instead of the Object It Points to 845

9.11.7 Misunderstanding Pointer Arithmetic 846

9.11.8 Referencing Nonexistent Variables 846

9.11.9 Referencing Data in Free Heap Blocks 847

9.11.10 Introducing Memory Leaks 847

9.12 Summary 848

Bibliographic Notes 848

Homework Problems 849

Solutions to Practice Problems 853

Preface

This book (CS:APP) is for computer scientists, computer engineers, and others

who want to be able to write better programs by learning what is going on “under

the hood” of a computer system.

Our aim is to explain the enduring concepts underlying all computer systems,

and to show you the concrete ways that these ideas affect the correctness, perfor-

mance, and utility of your application programs. Other systems books are written

from a builder’s perspective, describing how to implement the hardware or the sys-

tems software, including the operating system, compiler, and network interface.

This book is written from a programmer’s perspective, describing how application

programmers can use their knowledge of a system to write better programs. Of

course, learning what a system is supposed to do provides a good ﬁrst step in learn-

ing how to build one, and so this book also serves as a valuable introduction to

those who go on to implement systems hardware and software.

If you study and learn the concepts in this book, you will be on your way to

becoming the rare “power programmer” who knows how things work and how

to ﬁx them when they break. Our aim is to present the fundamental concepts in

ways that you will ﬁnd useful right away. You will also be prepared to delve deeper,

studying such topics as compilers, computer architecture, operating systems, em-

bedded systems, and networking.

Assumptions about the Reader’s Background

The presentation of machine code in the book is based on two related formats

supported by Intel and its competitors, colloquially known as “x86.” IA32 is the

machine code that has become the de facto standard for a wide range of systems.

x86-64 is an extension of IA32 to enable programs to operate on larger data and to

reference a wider range of memory addresses. Since x86-64 systems are able to run

IA32 code, both of these forms of machine code will see widespread use for the

foreseeable future. We consider how these machines execute C programs on Unix

or Unix-like (such as Linux) operating systems. (To simplify our presentation,

we will use the term “Unix” as an umbrella term for systems having Unix as

their heritage, including Solaris, Mac OS, and Linux.) The text contains numerous

programming examples that have been compiled and run on Linux systems. We

assume that you have access to such a machine and are able to log in and do simple

things such as changing directories.

If your computer runs Microsoft Windows, you have two choices. First, you

can get a copy of Linux (www.ubuntu.com) and install it as a “dual boot” option,

so that your machine can run either operating system. Alternatively, by installing

a copy of the Cygwin tools (www.cygwin.com), you can run a Unix-like shell under

xix

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