网络可访问性：实现包容性设计的成功规划

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For example, a macular abnormality such as cataract (an impairment) may cause

blindness (a disability) which may prevent the person from enjoying a book or driving a

car (handicap).

For ease of discussion we have grouped disabilities into six general categories:

auditory, visual, physical, cognitive, neurological, and speech. The reality, however,

is that disabilities are not this cleanly delineated and will often include aspects from

multiple categories.

Auditory

Fifteen percent of the world’s population experiences some kind of hearing loss. Around

466 million people, or 5% of the world’s population, have disabling hearing loss (loss

in the better ear greater than 40 decibels for adults, or 30 for children). By 2050, this

number is estimated to grow to over 900 million people, or 10% of the population. A

demographic of note are those over the age of 65, one-third of whom are currently

affected.

Causes include exposure to loud noises, genetics, injury, age, and illness.

An auditory disability can range from significant hearing loss in both ears, or

deafness, to mild hearing loss in one or both ears. Individuals may be able to hear

sounds but may have difficulty understanding speech if it is unclear or distorted, or

subject to a lot of background noise. Users with auditory disabilities often rely on any

combination of the following to access audio information:

• Transcripts or text alternatives which provide the same information

as the auditory track

• Captions or subtitles which synchronously provide a text alternate for

both speech and nonspeech audio information

• Extended audio descriptions which are added to media by pausing

the video to allow for time to provide description where dialog or

narration pauses are too short but context or information would be

lost without extra audio description

• Sign language interpretation

“Deafness and Hearing Loss,” World Health Organization, www.who.int/news-room/fact-

sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss, accessed October 29, 2018.

“Causes of Hearing Loss in Adults,” American Speech-Language-Hearing Association,

www.asha.org/public/hearing/causes-of-hearing-loss-in-adults/, accessed October 30, 2018.

CHAPTER 1 WHY SHOULD ICARE ABOUT ACCESSIBILITY?

Physical

Physical disabilities may include limitations of movement, mobility, dexterity, or stamina.

Causes can include muscle weakness including tremors, lack of coordination, paralysis,

numbness or diminished sensation, joint disorders, hampered movement, or missing

limbs. There are a multitude of causes of physical disability, examples include amputation,

rheumatism, injury, or disorders such as muscular dystrophy or fibromyalgia.

Access to web content is impeded for individuals with physical disabilities, often due to

challenges with a mouse or touch display. Providing full keyboard support is important both

because it is more accessible for some users and also because other assistive technologies

depend upon the same focus and navigation techniques commonly implemented for

keyboard. Usage challengescan be compounded when insufficient time is provided to

complete the task or if page’s function and navigation controls are not clear and predictable.

There are a wide variety of devices created to aid individuals with physical

disabilities ranging from ergonomic keyboards to mouse-like devices, head pointers,

joysticks, sip-and-puff devices, eye tracking, and many more. To ensure that users can

access the content with their preferred technology, keyboard support, large clickable

areas, and visible indicators of the current items in focus are very important. Also

important are keyboard shortcuts and the ability to type them in sequence, as some

users may not be able to type the key combinations simultaneously. Many of the

requirements for web content to be accessible to users with physical disabilities overlap

with those for cognitive and visual disabilities.

Cognitive andNeurological

Neurological disorders are diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The

central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral

nervous system encompasses the nerves and ganglia that are not part of the brain or spine.

Cognition is the activity of thinking, understanding, learning, and remembering.

There is not a perfect overlap between cognitive and neurological disabilities. It is

important to note that cognitive disability is not synonymous with decreased intellectual

function and that many individuals with cognitive impairments do not have any

intellectual function limitations.

“Cognition,” Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cognition, accessed

October 29, 2018.

CHAPTER 1 WHY SHOULD ICARE ABOUT ACCESSIBILITY?

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