Think C编程入门：C v1.08详解

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"Think-C_v1.08" 是一本面向C语言初学者的入门指南，由Allen B. Downey撰写，并且遵循GNU通用公共许可证（GPL）版本2的规定，强调开放源代码的理念。本书的核心目标是帮助读者培养像计算机科学家一样思考的能力，通过C语言来实现这一目标。《如何像计算机科学家那样思考》（How to Think Like a Computer Scientist）这个系列教程，版本1.08发布于2012年11月25日，它的内容覆盖了C语言的基础知识，适合那些想要系统学习编程语言的读者。作者Downey的作品强调了开源教育的重要性，书中提供的不仅是文本内容，还包括LaTeX源代码，这使得读者不仅可以阅读理解代码，还可以进行编译和转换，以适应不同的设备或输出格式，如DVI和Postscript等。通过阅读这本书，学习者将接触到C语言的关键概念，如数据类型、变量、控制结构（如条件语句和循环）、函数的定义与调用，以及数组和指针的运用。书中还会介绍程序设计的基本原则，比如模块化和可重用性，以及如何编写清晰、简洁和高效的代码。此外，作者还强调了版权问题，明确指出所有关于文本的复制、存储或传输都必须遵守GPL的条款，这意味着任何人都可以自由地获取、修改和分享这份教材，但必须保持其开源性质，且不得附加任何形式的商业保证或特定用途的适用性。 "Think-C_v1.08" 是一本深入浅出的C语言入门教程，不仅提供了理论知识，还鼓励读者动手实践，培养编程思维，适合对计算机科学感兴趣或希望从事IT行业的学习者使用。通过这本书，读者可以建立起坚实的编程基础，为今后在IT领域的发展打下坚实的基础。

8 The way of the program

it displays or prints a message on the screen. The second statement tells the

operating system that our program executed successfully.

The statement that prints things on the screen is printf(), and the characters

between the quotation marks will get printed. Notice the \n after the last

character. This is a special character called newline that is appended at the

end of a line of text and causes the cursor to move to the next line of the display.

The next time you output something, the new text appears on the next line. At

the end of the statement there is a semicolon (;), which is required at the end

of every statement.

There are a few other things you should notice about the syntax of this program.

First, C uses curly-brackets ({ and }) to group things together. In this case, the

output statement is enclosed in curly-brackets, indicating that it is inside the

deﬁnition of main(). Also, notice that the statement is indented, which helps

to show visually which lines are inside the deﬁnition.

At this point it would be a good idea to sit down in front of a computer and

compile and run this program. The details of how to do that depend on your

programming environment, this book assumes that you know how to do it.

As I mentioned, the C compiler is very pedantic with syntax. If you make

any errors when you type in the program, chances are that it will not compile

successfully. For example, if you misspell stdio.h, you might get an error

message like the following:

hello_world.c:1:19: error: sdtio.h: No such file or directory

There is a lot of information on this line, but it is presented in a dense format

that is not easy to interpret. A more friendly compiler might say something

like:

“On line 1 of the source code ﬁle named hello_world.c, you tried to

include a header ﬁle named sdtio.h. I didn’t ﬁnd anything with that

name, but I did ﬁnd something named stdio.h. Is that what you

meant, by any chance?”

Unfortunately, few compilers are so accomodating. The compiler is not really

very smart, and in most cases the error message you get will be only a hint

about what is wrong. It will take some time for you to learn to interpret

diﬀerent compiler messages.

Nevertheless, the compiler can be a useful tool for learning the syntax rules

of a language. Starting with a working program (like hello_world.c), modify

it in various ways and see what happens. If you get an error message, try to

remember what the message says and what caused it, so if you see it again in

the future you will know what it means.

1.6 Glossary

problem-solving: The process of formulating a problem, ﬁnding a solution,

and expressing the solution.

10 The way of the program

1.7 Exercises

Exercise 1.1

Computer scientists have the annoying habit of using common English words to mean

something diﬀerent from their common English meaning. For example, in English, a

statement and a comment are pretty much the same thing, but when we are talking

about a program, they are very diﬀerent.

The glossary at the end of each chapter is intended to highlight words and phrases

that have special meanings in computer science. When you see familiar words, don’t

assume that you know what they mean!

a. In computer jargon, what’s the diﬀerence between a statement and a comment?

b. What does it mean to say that a program is portable?

c. What is an executable?

Exercise 1.2

Before you do anything else, ﬁnd out how to compile and run a C program in your

environment. Some environments provide sample programs similar to the example in

Section 1.5.

a. Type in the “Hello World” program, then compile and run it.

b. Add a second print statement that prints a second message after the “Hello

World.”. Something witty like, “How are you?” Compile and run the program

again.

c. Add a comment line to the program (anywhere) and recompile it. Run the pro-

gram again. The new comment should not aﬀect the execution of the program.

This exercise may seem trivial, but it is the starting place for many of the programs

we will work with. In order to debug with conﬁdence, you have to have conﬁdence

in your programming environment. In some environments, it is easy to lose track of

which program is executing, and you might ﬁnd yourself trying to debug one program

while you are accidentally executing another. Adding (and changing) print statements

is a simple way to establish the connection between the program you are looking at

and the output when the program runs.

Exercise 1.3

It is a good idea to commit as many errors as you can think of, so that you see what

error messages the compiler produces. Sometimes the compiler will tell you exactly

what is wrong, and all you have to do is ﬁx it. Sometimes, though, the compiler will

produce wildly misleading messages. You will develop a sense for when you can trust

the compiler and when you have to ﬁgure things out yourself.

a. Remove the closing curly-bracket (}).

b. Remove the opening curly-bracket ({).

c. Remove the int before main.

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