GDB指南：强大的GNU源级调试器详解

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《调试的艺术：使用GDB第九版》是一本由Richard Stallman、Roland Pesch、Stan Shebs等编著的关于GNU源代码级调试器GDB的实用指南。该书于2004年2月17日针对GDB 2004版发行，旨在帮助读者理解和掌握这个强大的调试工具。书中不仅介绍了GDB的基础概念，还深入探讨了其丰富的功能和命令集，包括设置断点、单步执行、查看变量值、内存检查等核心调试技术。本书作为一本详尽的教程，首先概述了GDB的主要用途和优势，强调了它是自由软件项目的一部分，遵循GNU Free Documentation License。版权方面，作者允许读者在符合许可条款下自由复制、分发和修改文档，特别提到了文档中的几个关键部分——“Free Software”、“Free Software Needs Free Documentation”以及版权信息的版权归属。章节内容涵盖广泛，包括： 1. **GDB概览** - 介绍了GDB的基本架构，帮助新用户快速熟悉环境和界面。 2. **安装与配置** - 指导读者如何在不同的操作系统上安装和配置GDB，确保调试环境的正确设置。 3. **基本操作** - 详细讲解如何启动调试器、设置断点、控制程序执行流程、查看和修改变量值等基础调试技巧。 4. **进阶功能** - 探讨更高级的调试功能，如数据类型检查、内存分析、堆栈跟踪、多线程支持等。 5. **调试工具链** - 介绍如何将GDB与其他开发工具（如编译器、IDE）集成，提升调试效率。 6. **脚本和扩展** - 讨论如何编写和使用GDB脚本，以及定制GDB的行为。 7. **常见问题与解决方案** - 提供解决实际调试难题的方法和策略，帮助读者解决遇到的问题。 8. **实践案例** - 包含实战示例，通过实际项目演示GDB的应用场景。这本书对于软件开发者而言，无论是在日常编程中遇到问题时寻求解决方案，还是想要提升自身调试技能，都是一本不可或缺的参考资料。通过阅读这本书，读者不仅能学习到GDB的使用技巧，还能理解自由软件开发的理念，为成为一名高效能的程序员打下坚实基础。

4 Debugging with gdb

Hikichi and Tomoyuki Hasei contributed Sony/News OS 3 support. David Johnson con-

tributed Encore Umax support. Jyrki Kuoppala contributed Altos 3068 support. Jeﬀ

Law contributed HP PA and SOM support. Keith Packard contributed NS32K support.

Doug Rabson contributed Acorn Risc Machine support. Bob Rusk contributed Harris

Nighthawk CX-UX support. Chris Smith contributed Convex support (and Fortran de-

bugging). Jonathan Stone contributed Pyramid support. Michael Tiemann contributed

SPARC support. Tim Tucker contributed support for the Gould NP1 and Gould Powern-

ode. Pace Willison contributed Intel 386 support. Jay Vosburgh contributed Symmetry

support. Marko Mlinar contributed OpenRISC 1000 support.

Andreas Schwab contributed M68K gnu/Linux support.

Rich Schaefer and Peter Schauer helped with support of SunOS shared libraries.

Jay Fenlason and Roland McGrath ensured that gdb and GAS agree about several

machine instruction sets.

Patrick Duval, Ted Goldstein, Vikram Koka and Glenn Engel helped develop remote

debugging. Intel Corporation, Wind River Systems, AMD, and ARM contributed remote

debugging modules for the i960, VxWorks, A29K UDI, and RDI targets, respectively.

Brian Fox is the author of the readline libraries providing command-line editing and

command history.

Andrew Beers of SUNY Buﬀalo wrote the language-switching code, the Modula-2 sup-

port, and contributed the Languages chapter of this manual.

Fred Fish wrote most of the support for Unix System Vr4. He also enhanced the

command-completion support to cover C++ overloaded symbols.

Hitachi America (now Renesas America), Ltd. sponsored the support for H8/300,

H8/500, and Super-H processors.

NEC sponsored the support for the v850, Vr4xxx, and Vr5xxx processors.

Mitsubishi (now Renesas) sponsored the support for D10V, D30V, and M32R/D proces-

sors.

Toshiba sponsored the support for the TX39 Mips processor.

Matsushita sponsored the support for the MN10200 and MN10300 processors.

Fujitsu sponsored the support for SPARClite and FR30 processors.

Kung Hs u, Jeﬀ Law, and Rick Sladkey added support for hardware watchpoints.

Michael Snyder added support for tracepoints.

Stu Gross man wrote gdbserver.

Jim Kingdon, Peter Schauer, Ian Taylor, and Stu Grossman made nearly innumerable

bug ﬁxes and c leanups throughout gdb.

The following people at the Hewlett-Packard Company contributed support for the PA-

RISC 2.0 architecture, HP-UX 10.20, 10.30, and 11.0 (narrow mode), HP’s implementation

of kernel threads, HP’s aC++ compiler, and the terminal user interface: Ben Krepp, Richard

Title, John Bishop, Susan Macchia, Kathy Mann, Satish Pai, India Paul, Steve Rehrauer,

and Elena Zannoni. Kim Haase provided HP-speciﬁc information in this manual.

DJ Delorie ported gdb to MS-DOS, for the DJGPP project. Robert Hoehne made

signiﬁcant contributions to the DJGPP port.

Chapter 1: A Sample gdb Session 7

1 A Sample gdb Session

You can use this manual at your leisure to read all about gdb. However, a handful

of commands are enough to get started using the debugger. This chapter illustrates those

commands.

In this sample session, we emphasize user input like this: input, to make it easier to pick

out from the surrounding output.

One of the preliminary versions of gnu m4 (a generic macro processor) exhibits the

following bug: sometimes, when we change its quote strings from the default, the commands

used to capture one macro deﬁnition within another stop working. In the following short m4

session, we deﬁne a macro foo which expands to 0000; we then use the m4 built-in defn to

deﬁne bar as the same thing. However, when we change the open quote string to <QUOTE>

and the close quote string to <UNQUOTE>, the same procedure fails to deﬁne a new synonym

baz:

$ cd gnu/m4

$ ./m4

deﬁne(foo,0000)

foo

0000

deﬁne(bar,defn(‘foo’))

bar

0000

changequote(<QUOTE>,<UNQUOTE>)

deﬁne(baz,defn(<QUOTE>foo<UNQUOTE>))

baz

C-d

m4: End of input: 0: fatal error: EOF in string

Let us use gdb to try to see what is going on.

$ gdb m4

gdb is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies

of it under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see

the conditions.

There is absolutely no warranty for gd b; type "show warranty"

for details.

(gdb)

gdb reads only enough symbol data to know where to ﬁnd the rest when needed; as a result,

the ﬁrst prompt comes up very quickly. We now tell gdb to use a narrower display width

than usual, so that examples ﬁt in this manual.

(gdb) set width 70

We need to see how the m4 built-in changequote works. Having looked at the source, we

know the relevant subroutine is m4_changequote, so we set a breakpoint there with the

gdb break command.

(gdb) break m4 changequote

Breakpoint 1 at 0x62f4: file builtin.c, line 879.

Using the run command, we start m4 running under gdb control; as long as c ontrol does

not reach the m4_changequote subroutine, the program runs as usual:

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