978-1-4799-6257-0/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE
Vref optimization in DDR4 RDIMMs
for improved timing margins
Saravanan Sethuraman
1
, Anil Lingambudi
2
, Kenneth Wright
3
, Abhijit Saurabh
4
, Kyu-Hyoun Kim
5
and Dale Becker
6
Systems & Technology Group, IBM
1.2.4, Enterprise Systems & Technology Development, Bangalore, IN, {saravanans, alingamb, abhisau}@in.ibm.com
3. Enterprise Systems & Technology Development, Austin, TX, USA wrightk@us.ibm.com
5. IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA, kimk@us.ibm.com
6. Server Group Package Design, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA, wbecker@us.ibm.com
Abstract— JEDEC DDR4 SDRAM adopted the internal Data
(DQ) reference voltage (VREFDQ) generation scheme as opposed
to DDR3 SDRAM where VREF was generated by an external
device that produced fixed (constant) voltage irrespective of the
loading on the device, power supply variations, temperature
changes, and the passage of time. With the introduction of Per
DRAM Addressability (PDA) in DDR4 memory and the internal
VREF combined, discussed in this paper is a novel approach to
determine the best VREF settings for a given topology. We will
use memory controller built-in-self-test (MCBIST) to get a
stressed pattern in place of simple Multi Purpose Register (MPR)
data pattern and will be exercised as part of post DRAM
training. Data pattern complexity, total training time and
accuracy of training are investigated and optimized. Initial
training of the DRAM is done with the initial VREF calculated
based on driver strength and On Die Termination (ODT)
condition. Complexities of different VREF settings are applied on
multiple ranks in the same DIMM using the PDA to maximize
timing margin and power efficiency. Per-DRAM VREF training
has been also performed using PDA to study tradeoff between
timing margin and total training time. Our results show
significant benefits with respect to PDA vs rank basis Vref
training.
Keywords-DDR4, RDIMM, DRAM, PDA, ODT, VREF, MPR,
Calibration
I. INTRODUCTION
DDR4 is the next generation protocol for Double-Data-Rate
memory, succeeding DDR3, announced and standardized by
JEDEC. The DDR4 standard supports DRAM densities from
2Gbit up to 16Gbit in x4, x8, and x16 configurations. For
single-ended signaling DDR4 channels at 3200Mbps, signal
and power integrity issues become increasingly challenging
with much smaller voltage and timing windows to balance the
budget [1]. The operating voltage has been lowered from 1.5
volts in DDR3 to 1.2 volts in DDR4 with up to 40% savings
[3]. The DDR4 specification defines ‘write leveling feedback’,
which should be given to all the data bits in parallel. The other
new specialty in DDR4 is the introduction of a feature called
‘PDA - per DRAM addressability’, which helps in configuring
the ODT and VREF values for each DRAM.
DDR4 protocol allows training of the VREF levels, in
which, the data bus is terminated to VDDQ as against a centre
tap termination technique (VDDQ/2) used in previous
generations. The VREF levels are now based more on the
loading and drive strength of each of the DRAM and are no
longer supplied externally. Hence, VREFDQ is generated for
each of the DRAM internally. However, the CMD/ADDR bus
has not moved to the DQ termination technique and stays at
centre tap, which means that the VREF CA is sourced from
external to the DRAM.
The DQ VREF training is available for all the 3 addressing
modes, x4, x8 and x16, whereas the PDA is only available for
x4 and x8 operating modes. The other feature that is not yet
supported in x16 is the ‘maximum power down mode’ which
is currently only available with x4 and x8 operating mode
based DRAMs. The ‘IO training’ step on the calibration flow
for DDR4 will now have to support VREF training, Preamble
training and DQ training with MPR.
II. DDR4
CALIBRATION AND VREF TRAINING
a) DRAM Calibration
Calibration is an important step in the memory subsystem
to function as intended. The different types of memory
interface initialization and calibration are initial calibration,
internal/external ZQ calibration (ZQCAL), and periodic
calibration. This paper focuses on the initial calibration of the
memory interface. It is the memory controller’s responsibility
to ensure all ranks are in a proper state to execute either initial
or periodic calibration. The calibration engine resides in the
DDR PHY unit and it performs certain steps to ensure the
memory controller can talk to the DRAM in DIMM. The
different steps of the DDR3 calibration engine are given
below.
Write leveling
DQS alignment with incoming Read DQS