C++ Primer Plus 第六版：编程专业指南

C++PrimerPlus

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Introduction

Learning C++ is an adventure of discovery, particularly because the language accom-

modates several programming paradigms, including object-oriented programming,

generic programming, and the traditional procedural programming.The fifth edition of

this book described the language as set forth in the ISO C++ standards, informally

known as C++99 and C++03, or, sometimes as C++99/03. (The 2003 version was

largely a technical correction to the 1999 standard and didn’t add any new features.)

Since then, C++ continues to evolve.As this book is written, the international C++

Standards Committee has just approved a new version of the standard.This standard had

the informal name of C++0x while in development, and now it will be known as

C++11. Most contemporary compilers support C++99/03 quite well, and most of the

examples in this book comply with that standard. But many features of the new standard

already have appeared in some implementations, and this edition of C++ Primer Plus

explores these new features.

C++ Primer Plus discusses the basic C language and presents C++ features, making

this book self-contained. It presents C++ fundamentals and illustrates them with short,

to-the-point programs that are easy to copy and experiment with.You learn about

input/output (I/O), how to make programs perform repetitive tasks and make choices,

the many ways to handle data, and how to use functions.You learn about the many

features C++ has added to C, including the following:

Classes and objects

Inheritance

Polymorphism, virtual functions, and runtime type identification (RTTI)

Function overloading

Reference variables

Generic, or type-independent, programming, as provided by templates and the

Standard Template Library (STL)

The exception mechanism for handling error conditions

Namespaces for managing names of functions, classes, and variables

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Introduction

The Primer Approach

C++ Primer Plus brings several virtues to the task of presenting all this material. It builds

on the primer tradition begun by C Primer Plus nearly two decades ago and embraces its

successful philosophy:

A primer should be an easy-to-use, friendly guide.

A primer doesn’t assume that you are already familiar with all relevant program-

ming concepts.

A primer emphasizes hands-on learning with brief, easily typed examples that

develop your understanding, a concept or two at a time.

A primer clarifies concepts with illustrations.

A primer provides questions and exercises to let you test your understanding, mak-

ing the book suitable for self-learning or for the classroom.

Following these principles, the book helps you understand this rich language and how

to use it. For example

It provides conceptual guidance about when to use particular features, such as using

public inheritance to model what are known as is-a relationships.

It illustrates common C++ programming idioms and techniques.

It provides a variety of sidebars, including tips, cautions and notes.

The author and editors of this book do our best to keep the presentation to-the-point,

simple, and fun. Our goal is that by the end of the book, you’ll be able to write solid,

effective programs and enjoy yourself doing so.

Sample Code Used in This Book

This book provides an abundance of sample code, most of it in the form of complete

programs. Like the previous editions, this book practices generic C++ so that it is not

tied to any particular kind of computer, operating system, or compiler.Thus, the examples

were tested on a Windows 7 system, a Macintosh OS X system, and a Linux system.

Those programs using C++11 features require compilers supporting those features, but

the remaining programs should work with any C++99/03-compliant system.

The sample code for the complete programs described in this book is available on this

book’s website. See the registration link given on the back cover for more information.

How This Book Is Organized

This book is divided into 18 chapters and 10 appendixes, summarized here:

Chapter 1: Getting Started with C++—Chapter 1 relates how Bjarne Stroustrup

created the C++ programming language by adding object-oriented programming

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How This Book Is Organized

support to the C language.You’ll learn the distinctions between procedural lan-

guages, such as C, and object-oriented languages, such as C++.You’ll read about

the joint ANSI/ISO work to develop a C++ standard.This chapter discusses the

mechanics of creating a C++ program, outlining the approach for several current

C++ compilers. Finally, it describes the conventions used in this book.

Chapter 2: Setting Out to C++—Chapter 2 guides you through the process of

creating simple C++ programs.You’ll learn about the role of the main() function

and about some of the kinds of statements that C++ programs use.You’ll use the

predefined cout and cin objects for program output and input, and you’ll learn

about creating and using variables. Finally, you’ll be introduced to functions, C++’s

programming modules.

Chapter 3: Dealing with Data—C++ provides built-in types for storing two

kinds of data: integers (numbers with no fractional parts) and floating-point num-

bers (numbers with fractional parts).To meet the diverse requirements of program-

mers, C++ offers several types in each category. Chapter 3 discusses those types,

including creating variables and writing constants of various types.You’ll also learn

how C++ handles implicit and explicit conversions from one type to another.

Chapter 4: Compound Types—C++ lets you construct more elaborate types from

the basic built-in types.The most advanced form is the class, discussed in Chapters

9 through 13. Chapter 4 discusses other forms, including arrays, which hold several

values of a single type; structures, which hold several values of unlike types; and

pointers, which identify locations in memory.You’ll also learn how to create and

store text strings and to handle text I/O by using C-style character arrays and the

C++ string class. Finally, you’ll learn some of the ways C++ handles memory

allocation, including using the new and delete operators for managing memory

explicitly.

Chapter 5: Loops and Relational Expressions—Programs often must perform

repetitive actions, and C++ provides three looping structures for that purpose: the

for loop, the while loop, and the do while loop. Such loops must know when

they should terminate, and the C++ relational operators enable you to create tests

to guide such loops. In Chapter 5 you learn how to create loops that read and

process input character-by-character. Finally, you’ll learn how to create two-dimen-

sional arrays and how to use nested loops to process them.

Chapter 6: Branching Statements and Logical Operators—Programs can behave

intelligently if they can tailor their behavior to circumstances. In Chapter 6 you’ll

learn how to control program flow by using the if, if else, and switch state-

ments and the conditional operator.You’ll learn how to use logical operators to

help express decision-making tests.Also, you’ll meet the cctype library of functions

for evaluating character relations, such as testing whether a character is a digit or a

nonprinting character. Finally, you’ll get an introductory view of file I/O.

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Introduction

Chapter 7: Functions: C++’s Programming Modules—Functions are the basic

building blocks of C++ programming. Chapter 7 concentrates on features that

C++ functions share with C functions. In particular, you’ll review the general for-

mat of a function definition and examine how function prototypes increase the

reliability of programs. Also, you’ll investigate how to write functions to process

arrays, character strings, and structures. Next, you’ll learn about recursion, which is

when a function calls itself, and see how it can be used to implement a divide-and-

conquer strategy. Finally, you’ll meet pointers to functions, which enable you to use

a function argument to tell one function to use a second function.

Chapter 8: Adventures in Functions—Chapter 8 explores the new features C++

adds to functions.You’ll learn about inline functions, which can speed program exe-

cution at the cost of additional program size.You’ll work with reference variables,

which provide an alternative way to pass information to functions. Default argu-

ments let a function automatically supply values for function arguments that you

omit from a function call. Function overloading lets you create functions having the

same name but taking different argument lists.All these features have frequent use

in class design.Also you’ll learn about function templates, which allow you to spec-

ify the design of a family of related functions.

Chapter 9: Memory Models and Namespaces—Chapter 9 discusses putting

together multifile programs. It examines the choices in allocating memory, looking

at different methods of managing memory and at scope, linkage, and namespaces,

which determine what parts of a program know about a variable.

Chapter 10: Objects and Classes—A class is a user-defined type, and an object

(such as a variable) is an instance of a class. Chapter 10 introduces you to object-

oriented programming and to class design.A class declaration describes the infor-

mation stored in a class object and also the operations (class methods) allowed for

class objects. Some parts of an object are visible to the outside world (the public

portion), and some are hidden (the private portion). Special class methods (con-

structors and destructors) come into play when objects are created and destroyed.

Yo u w i l l l e a r n a b o u t a l l t h i s a n d o t h e r c l a s s d e t a i l s i n t h i s c h a p t e r , and you’ll see

how classes can be used to implement ADTs, such as a stack.

Chapter 11:Working with Classes—In Chapter 11 you’ll further your under-

standing of classes. First, you’ll learn about operator overloading, which lets you

define how operators such as + will work with class objects.You’ll learn about

friend functions, which can access class data that’s inaccessible to the world at large.

Yo u ’ l l s e e h o w c e r t a i n c o n s t r u c t o r s a n d o v e r l o a d e d o p e r a t o r m e m b e r f u n c t i o n s c a n

be used to manage conversion to and from class types.

Chapter 12: Classes and Dynamic Memory Allocation—Often it’s useful to

have a class member point to dynamically allocated memory. If you use new in a

class constructor to allocate dynamic memory, you incur the responsibilities of pro-

viding an appropriate destructor, of defining an explicit copy constructor, and of

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How This Book Is Organized

defining an explicit assignment operator. Chapter 12 shows you how and discusses

the behavior of the member functions generated implicitly if you fail to provide

explicit definitions.You’ll also expand your experience with classes by using point-

ers to objects and studying a queue simulation problem.

Chapter 13: Class Inheritance—One of the most powerful features of object-ori-

ented programming is inheritance, by which a derived class inherits the features of a

base class, enabling you to reuse the base class code. Chapter 13 discusses public

inheritance, which models is-a relationships, meaning that a derived object is a spe-

cial case of a base object. For example, a physicist is a special case of a scientist.

Some inheritance relationships are polymorphic, meaning you can write code using

a mixture of related classes for which the same method name may invoke behavior

that depends on the object type. Implementing this kind of behavior necessitates

using a new kind of member function called a virtual function. Sometimes using

abstract base classes is the best approach to inheritance relationships.This chapter

discusses these matters, pointing out when public inheritance is appropriate and

when it is not.

Chapter 14: Reusing Code in C++—Public inheritance is just one way to reuse

code. Chapter 14 looks at several other ways. Containment is when one class con-

tains members that are objects of another class. It can be used to model has-a rela-

tionships, in which one class has components of another class. For example, an

automobile has a motor.You also can use private and protected inheritance to

model such relationships.This chapter shows you how and points out the differ-

ences among the different approaches.Also, you’ll learn about class templates, which

let you define a class in terms of some unspecified generic type, and then use the

template to create specific classes in terms of specific types. For example, a stack

template enables you to create a stack of integers or a stack of strings. Finally, you’ll

learn about multiple public inheritance, whereby a class can derive from more than

one class.

Chapter 15: Friends, Exceptions, and More—Chapter 15 extends the discussion

of friends to include friend classes and friend member functions.Then it presents

several new developments in C++, beginning with exceptions, which provide a

mechanism for dealing with unusual program occurrences, such an inappropriate

function argument values and running out of memory.Then you’ll learn about

RTTI, a mechanism for identifying object types. Finally, you’ll learn about the safer

alternatives to unrestricted typecasting.

Chapter 16:The string Class and the Standard Template Library—Chapter 16

discusses some useful class libraries recently added to the language.The string class

is a convenient and powerful alternative to traditional C-style strings.The auto_ptr

class helps manage dynamically allocated memory.The STL provides several generic

containers, including template representations of arrays, queues, lists, sets, and maps.

It also provides an efficient library of generic algorithms that can be used with STL

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