利用Python编程探索Raspberry Pi实战指南

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"《Raspberry Pi for Python Programmers Cookbook 2nd Edition》是Tim Cox撰写的一本书，旨在帮助用户利用Raspberry Pi和Python编程创建引人入胜的项目。书中包含超过60个食谱，提供了实践指导，让读者能够发掘Raspberry Pi的潜力并实现创新想法。" 在当今时代，个人计算机、平板电脑和手机主要专注于为用户提供消费内容，而Raspberry Pi的出现颠覆了这一观念。Raspberry Pi鼓励用户积极参与并发挥创造力，它是一个低成本、简单的平台，让用户可以尝试和探索自己的想法，而不是被动地接收信息。这本书正是针对这样的理念，为Python程序员提供了丰富的实践指导。《Raspberry Pi for Python Programmers Cookbook 2nd Edition》的核心内容是通过一系列精心设计的"食谱"，涵盖了各种项目和应用，这些项目旨在利用Raspberry Pi的强大功能和Python的灵活性。这些食谱涵盖了从基础操作到高级应用的各个方面，例如： 1. **环境设置**：如何安装Python环境，配置Raspberry Pi操作系统（如Raspbian），以及设置开发环境。 2. **硬件交互**：使用GPIO（General Purpose Input/Output）接口与外部设备通信，如LED灯、传感器或电机控制。 3. **网络编程**：构建网络应用，如Web服务器、HTTP客户端和数据传输。 4. **多媒体处理**：利用Python库进行图像和音频处理，创建媒体中心或流媒体服务。 5. **物联网(IoT)应用**：将Raspberry Pi连接到互联网，实现智能家居自动化或其他远程控制项目。 6. **数据分析和可视化**：使用Python库如Pandas和Matplotlib对收集的数据进行分析和可视化。 7. **机器学习和人工智能**：利用TensorFlow等库在Raspberry Pi上进行简单的机器学习实验。 8. **自动化任务**：编写脚本执行定时任务，如自动备份或监控系统状态。 9. **安全和加密**：学习如何保护Raspberry Pi免受攻击，并进行安全的数据传输。 10. **教育项目**：适合初学者和孩子的编程和电子学入门项目，培养计算思维和问题解决能力。每章节的"食谱"都包含了清晰的步骤、代码示例和必要的解释，帮助读者逐步完成每个项目。通过这种方式，读者不仅能够学习Python编程和Raspberry Pi的使用，还能提升解决问题和创新的能力。此书特别适合已经具备Python基础，希望进一步利用Raspberry Pi进行实践操作的读者。无论是业余爱好者、学生还是专业开发者，都能从中受益，将Raspberry Pi变为实现创新想法的强大工具。

Getting Started with a

Raspberry Pi Computer

In this chapter, we will cover the following recipes:

f Connecting the Raspberry Pi

f Using NOOBS to set up your Raspberry Pi SD card

f Networking and connecting your Raspberry Pi to the Internet via the LAN connector

f Using built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth on the Raspberry Pi

f Conguring your network manually

f Networking directly to a laptop or computer

f Networking and connecting your Raspberry Pi to the Internet via a USB Wi-Fi dongle

f Connecting to the Internet through a proxy server

f Connecting remotely to the Raspberry Pi over the network using VNC

f Connecting remotely to the Raspberry Pi over the network using SSH

(and X11 Forwarding)

f Sharing the home folder of the Raspberry Pi with SMB

f Keeping the Raspberry Pi up to date

Introduction

This chapter introduces the Raspberry Pi and the process to set it up for the rst time. We

will connect the Raspberry Pi to a suitable display, power, and peripherals. We will install an

operating system on an SD card. This is required for the system to boot. Next, we will ensure

that we can connect successfully to the Internet through a local network.

Chapter 1

In this book, we will take this little computer, nd out how to set it up, and then explore its

capabilities chapter by chapter using the Python programming language.

Why Python?

It is often asked, "Why has Python been selected as the language to use on the Raspberry Pi?"

The fact is that Python is just one of the many programming languages that can be used on

the Raspberry Pi.

There are many programming languages that you can choose, from high-level graphical block

programming, such as Scratch, to traditional C, right down to BASIC, and even raw Machine

Code Assembler. A good programmer often has to be code multilingual to be able to play

to the strengths and weaknesses of each language in order to best meet the needs of their

desired application. It is useful to understand how different languages (and programming

techniques) try to overcome the challenge of converting "what you want" into "what you get" as

this is what you are trying to do as well while you program.

Python has been selected as a good place to start when learning about programming, by

providing a rich set of coding tools while still allowing simple programs to be written without

fuss. This allows beginners to gradually be introduced to the concepts and methods on which

modern programming languages are based without requiring them to know it all from the

start. It is very modular with lots of additional libraries that can be imported to quickly extend

the functionality. You will nd that over time, this encourages you to do the same, and you will

want to create your own modules that you can plug into your own programs, thus taking your

rst steps into structured programming.

Like all programming languages, Python isn't perfect; things such as adding a space at the

start of a line will often break your code (indents matter a lot in Python; they dene how

blocks of code are grouped together). Generally, Python is slow; since it is interpreted, it

takes time to create a module while it is running the program. This can be a problem if you

need to respond to time critical events. However, you can precompile Python or use modules

written in other languages to overcome this. It hides the details; this is both an advantage and

disadvantage. It is excellent for beginners but can be difcult when you have to second-guess

aspects such as data-types. However, this in turn forces you to consider all the possibilities,

which can be a good thing.

Python 2 and Python 3

A massive source of confusion for beginners is that there are two versions of Python on the

Raspberry Pi (Version 2.7 and Version 3.4), which are not compatible with one another, so

code written for Python 2.7 may not run with Python 3.4 (and vice versa).

The Python Software Foundation is continuously working to improve and move forward

with the language, which sometimes means they have to sacrice backward compatibility in

order to embrace new improvements (and importantly, remove redundant and legacy ways

of doing things).

Getting Started with a Raspberry Pi Computer

Supporting both Python 2 or Python 3

There are many tools that will ease the transition from Python 2 to

Python 3, including converters such as 2to3, which will parse and

update your code to use Python 3 methods. This process is not perfect,

and in some cases, you'll need to manually rewrite sections and fully

retest everything. You can write the code and libraries that will support

both. The import __future__ statement allows you to import the

friendly methods of Python 3 and run them using Python 2.7.

Which version of Python should you use?

Essentially, the selection of which version to use will depend on what you intend to do. For

instance, you may require Python 2.7 libraries, which are not yet available for Python 3.4.

Python 3 has been available since 2008, so these tend to be older or larger libraries that have

not been translated. In many cases, there are new alternatives to legacy libraries; however,

their support can vary.

In this book, we have used Python 3.4, which is also compatible with Python 3.3 and 3.2.

The Raspberry Pi family – a brief history of Pi

Since its release, the Raspberry Pi has come in various iterations, featuring both small and

large updates and improvements to the original Raspberry Pi Model B unit. Although it can

be confusing at rst, there are three basic types of Raspberry Pi available (and one special

model).

The main agship model is called Model B. This has all the connections and features, as

well as the maximum RAM and the latest processor. Over the years, there have been several

versions, most notably Model B (which had 256 MB and then 512 MB RAM) and then Model

B+ (which increased the 26-pin GPIO to 40 pins, switched to using a micro SD card slot, and

had four USB ports instead of two). These original models all used the Broadcom BCM2835

SOC (short for System On Chip), consisting of a single core 700 MHz ARM11 and VideoCore IV

GPU (short for Graphical Processing Unit).

The release of the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B (also referred to as 2B) in 2015 introduced a new

Broadcom BCM2836 SOC, providing a quad-core 32-bit ARM Cortex A7 1.2 GHz processor

and GPU, with 1 GB of RAM. The improved SOC added support for Ubuntu and Windows 10

IoT. Finally we had the latest Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, using another new Broadcom BCM2837

SOC, which provides a quad-core 64-bit ARM Cortex-A53 and GPU, alongside adding on-board

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

Chapter 1

Model A has always been targeted as a cut-down version. While having the same SOC as

Model B, there are limited connections consisting of a single USB port and no wired network

(LAN). Model A+ again added more GPIO pins and a micro SD slot. However, the RAM was

later upgraded to 512 MB of RAM and again only a single USB port/no LAN. The Broadcom

BCM2835 SOC on Model A has not been updated so far (so is still a single core ARM11);

however, a Model 3A (most likely using the BCM2837) is expected 2016/2017.

The Pi Zero is an ultra-compact version of the Raspberry Pi intended for embedded

applications where cost and space are a premium. It has the same 40-pin GPIO and micro

SD card slot as the other models, but lacks the on-board display (CSI and DSI) connection. It

does still have HDMI (via a mini-HDMI) and a single micro USB OTG (on-the-go) connection.

Although not present in the rst revision of the Pi Zero, the most recent model also includes a

CSI connection for the on-board camera.

The Pi Zero was famously released in 2015 by being given away with

the Raspberry Pi foundations magazine The MagPi, giving the magazine

the kudos of being the rst magazine to give away a computer on its

cover! This did make me rather proud since (as you may have read in

my biography at the start of this book) I was one of the founders of the

magazine.

The special model is known as the compute module. This takes the form of a 200-pin

SO-DIMM card. It is intended for industrial use or within commercial products, where all the

external interfaces would be provided by a host/motherboard, into which the module would

be inserted. Example products include the Slice media player (http://fiveninjas.com)

and the Otto camera. The current module uses the BCM2835, although an updated compute

module (CM3) is expected in 2016.

The Raspberry Pi Wikipedia page provides a full list of the all different variants and their

specications:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi#Specifications

Which Pi to choose?

All sections of this book are compatible will all current versions of the Raspberry Pi, but

Model 3B is recommended as the best model to start with. This offers the best performance

(particularly useful for the GPU examples in Chapter 5, Creating 3D Graphics, and the OpenCV

examples used in Chapter 8, Creating Projects with the Raspberry Pi Camera Module), lots of

connections, and built-in Wi-Fi, which can be very convenient.

The Pi Zero is recommended for projects where you want low power usage or reduced

weight/size but do not need the full processing power of Model 3B. However, due to

its ultra-low cost, the Pi Zero is ideal for deploying a completed project after you have

developed it.

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