5G与IoT深度融合：模型优化与5G移动技术架构详解

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《物联网在5G移动技术中的融合与应用》一书深入探讨了第五代移动通信技术（5G）与物联网（IoT）之间的交互作用及其在科技领域的模型构建与优化过程。该书由Constandinos X. Mavromoustakis、George Mastorakis和Jordi Mongay Batalla共同编著，旨在为读者揭示5G对IoT的革新性影响，包括更快的数据传输速度、更低的延迟、更大的连接密度以及增强的设备间通信能力。 5G技术的核心特点是它能够支持大规模的设备连接，这是物联网发展的理想基础。通过5G网络，物联网设备可以无缝集成到移动通信基础设施中，实现实时数据交换和智能分析。书中可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **5G网络架构**：书中可能会详细介绍5G网络的新型架构，如NSA (Non-Standalone) 和SA (Standalone)模式，以及它们如何支持IoT设备的部署，如边缘计算的概念，它有助于减少延迟并提高数据处理效率。 2. **低功耗广域网 (LPWAN)**：5G对LPWAN的发展至关重要，这使得能效高的传感器和设备能够在远程位置持续运行，这对于环境监测、智慧城市和工业物联网等领域具有重要意义。 3. **QoS (Quality of Service) 和切片技术**：为了确保IoT设备的可靠连接，5G提供了针对不同应用场景定制服务质量的能力，以及基于网络切片的技术，这有助于优化资源分配和管理。 4. **安全性与隐私**：随着大量设备接入网络，安全问题变得尤为重要。书中可能讨论了5G如何采用先进的加密技术和身份验证机制来保护IoT数据和设备免受攻击。 5. **标准化与互操作性**：5G与IoT的结合需要全球标准的统一，书中的内容可能涵盖当前的国际标准组织如3GPP的角色，以及如何确保不同厂商的设备能在同一网络环境中无缝协作。 6. **案例研究与应用示例**：书中会提供实际的案例分析，如智能家居、智能工厂、智能医疗等场景，展示5G在IoT中的应用效果和优化策略。 7. **未来趋势与挑战**：作者可能还会讨论5G-IoT融合所面临的挑战，如设备管理、网络容量、能源消耗等，并预测未来可能出现的新技术和解决方案。通过阅读这本书，读者将深入了解物联网在5G技术的推动下如何重构我们的日常生活和工作方式，以及如何通过有效的模型和优化方法来最大化其潜力。此外，对于那些希望在这个新兴领域进行研究或实施项目的专业人士，这本书无疑提供了宝贵的参考资源。

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some cameras to have automated cars, ﬂowing lines of the roads, etc. Short range

radio communication in between cars is being mandated and will be mandatory

shortly in the US and in other countries; sensors can already monitor the distance in

between cars and verify that a car stays in the middle of its lane.

IoT can provide support for vehicular-to-vehicular communications and for

vehicular-to-infrastructure communications, in which case the infrastructure needs

to support this (and would be included in the Smart City use cases).

In addition to the basic V2V or V2I applications, more integrate d services could

be built on top of this use case. For instance, sensors can d etect an accident,

automatically call the emergency services (hospital or police) and transmit the

onboard cameras (now ubiquitous on modern cars) and the medical records of the

vehicle passengers to the emergency response team, and combine this with other

data sets (say, which emergency room is available nearby).

Most use cases here require to conﬁgure a network in a short period of time, due

to the speed of the objects. The speed of a vehicle to the infrastructure is of the

order of a hundred miles per hour, meaning that a car will cross the typical wiﬁ

range of 100 ft in roughl y one second. This connection time is halved for two

incoming vehicles. This means that the scanning, connecting, downloading, pro-

cessing time need to happen within this time span, and much faster to react to

unexpected conditions and avoid accidents. New protocols that speed up the con-

nection layer become critical.

The domain is continuously evolving and sensors will be widely deployed in the

future cars.

2.4 Healthcare/Telemedicine/Wearable Applications

Healthcare is a domain investigated by many people, especially with the exploding

cost of managing healthcare for the Baby Boom generation. Their health need to be

monitored and sensors should be able to detect abnormal values very soon and alert

responsible people (doctor, hospital, family). We will then have several sensors

deployed in clothes, watches, wearable accessories, even jewels in order to con-

tinuously monitor the blood pressure, heartbeat, blood glucose level, blood oxygen

level, standing position, etc.

We can also imagine sensor which can remind people to take their medication, or

even to suggest to increase or reduce their prescribed quantities accordin g to the

current value of some monitored metrics (e.g., glucose levels for diabetes, blood

pressure, etc.). Sensors could also be conﬁgured to automatically reﬁll

prescriptions.

Finally, for ill people and injured people, IoT could also allow those people to

stay living at home (instead of being at the hospital), but under the monitoring of

many IoT sensors, which could monitor various aspects of the person’s body,

control some actions and remotely inform doctors if needed.

Towards the Usage of CCN for IoT Networks 7

2.5 Sports & Leisure

IoT can be also envisioned for many different use-cases of the users’ live. For

instance, we can have sensors detecting missing water for plants or sensors

detecting abnormal behavior. We also now have sensors for people doing sport (e.g.

heart rate measurement, GPS device, etc.).

In short, it concerns all of those small-size smart pieces of equipm ent which

bring new information for local use. We will not detail them much since they are

very speciﬁc, most of the times with a local use. Many applications here still need to

be created, but many gaming or dating applications could be enhanced through the

use of sensors.

3 Introduction to CCN (Content-Centric Networking)

Regarding Future Internet Architecture, great effort has been dedicated to design

new architectures and proto cols focusing on “what information is avail able” instead

of “where information is located.” To achieve this, some architectures route data

based on content naming. Among the different proposals for Information Centric

Networking architectures, Content-Centric Networking (CCN) [6] has received

much of the attention and provides the most advanced architecture thanks to a

working implementation in the CCNx framework, enabling better validation of

theoretical results by providing a concrete implementation for testing.

CCN is a new networking paradigm. The routing is based upon the information

itself, so as to ﬁnd sources which can deliver the requested content without having

an a priori location for the content. The communication is then largely different

from the IP model, where a communication path between two end-hosts is estab-

lished ﬁrst before the actual exchange of information. In CCN, there is no con-

nection, and any node (source or caches) having the content can provide it; the

decision is just based on the content names.

This approach can present a great opportunity for the Internet of Things

(IoT) networks, where the main goal is to collect information provided by some IoT

objects (say, sensors for temperature, pollution, heart rate, metering, etc.). In IoT,

the end-user wants to know what the value of some parameter is, and having a

network which follows similar principles can then offer ease to gather this

information.

In CCN, information objects are hiera rchically named so that they can be

aggregated into preﬁxes. The main motivation for hierarchical naming is that for-

warding content by name can be performed by using concepts similar to IP for-

warding based on longest preﬁx matching lookups. Names are hierarchically

organized in a lexicographic ordered tree data structure. Leaves correspond to

content o f interest, and all the descendants of a node in the tree share a common

preﬁx of the string associated with that node and form a collection of content

8 B. Mathieu et al.

interfaces of received Interest packets so that a Data packet sent back as a response

to an Interest registered in the table will be delivered to the right interface(s).

When an Interest packet arrives on an inbound interface, the CCN node works as

follows:

• If there exists a data object in the Content Store matching the Interest (meaning

that the content name in the Interest is a preﬁx of the data object name), the

CCN node creates a Data packet to serve the Interest and transmits it on the

inbound interface of the Interest.

• Otherwise, if an exact entry for the Interest is present in the PIT, the inbound

interface of the Interest is added to the list of Requesting interfaces main tained

in the PIT entry, and the Interest is discarded. These Requesting interfaces point

out the interfaces on which the same Interest has already been received. When

the related Data packet is returned as a response to the Interest, it will then be

forwarded to all the Requesting interfaces.

• Otherwise, the CCN node refers to the FIB to look up the content name of the

incoming Interest by using longest preﬁx matching. If a matching entry exists in

the FIB, the Interest needs to be forwarded to the content provider. If the

resulting list is not empty, the Interest is forwarded to the remaining interfaces,

and a new entry for the Interest is created in the PIT with the inbound interface.

• Otherwise, the Interest is discarded (no data matching in the CCN forwarding

engine).

Unlike Interest messages, received Data packets are not routed with the FIB and

only use the PIT to ﬁnd their path to the data consumers. In other words, the Interest

messages leave behind in the PIT tables of the successive node a bread crumb trail

that the Data messages then follow back to the requester of the content. The CCN

node looks up a longest preﬁx matching of the content name of the Data packet:

• If the cache Content Store has a matching entry, Data is then considered as

duplicated, so it is discarded.

• A matching entry in the FIB means that there are no matching entries in the PIT,

so the Data packet is unsolicited; it is then discarded.

• If the PIT has one or several matching entries (mea ning that Interest for the Data

has been previously received), the incoming Data packet is then cached in the

Content Store and forwarded to all the Requesting interfaces of the PIT

matching entries except the incoming interface.

4 Technical Challenges for IoT and CCN Advantages

IoT has started to be deployed in multiple places, inside some networking equip-

ment but it is still just the beginning. The research about IoT and CCN is starting

and few papers are now available, mainly as an initial step (ﬁrst rough ideas or

architectures). Typically, we can cite [10, 11], which are short papers . Srivastava

10 B. Mathieu et al.

et al. [10] proposes to use the CCN protocol for the setup and maintenance of the

smart home. Utilizing the name-based networking approach eases those functions

and offers better synchronization of device data, more robust security and reduced

energy consumption. Fotiou and Polyzos [11] proposes to have a global architecture

for IoT systems realized through an integrating architecture relying on information

and its identiﬁers/names. [12–14] are more advanced papers. Ngoc-Thanh and

Younghan, [12] proposes applying the ICN approach to WSAN (Wireless sensor

and Actor Networks). It focuses on coordination and routing policy for an efﬁcient

resource consumption and interoperability among distributed entities. Song et al.

[13] argues that there are a large amount of weak network devices (NDs) with

constrained resources in IoT and they propose to use CCN as an internetworking

scheme for weak NDs based on task mapping. In this scheme, weak NDs with

constrained resources can offer better tasks (in terms of storing, publishing, and

retrieving). Amadeo et al. [14] suggests to develop a high-level NDN architecture

for the IoT domain and specify its main components, with a clear identiﬁcation of a

management and control plane. It accounts for the conﬁguration and management

of services and devices, for the types of IoT data exchange (e.g., on-demand

sensing/action triggering, periodic monitoring, event-triggered alarms) and their

demands (e.g., in terms of security, reliability, timeliness, local relevance). Finally,

the current most advanced paper is [8], which describes the porting of a CCN

solution into the RIOT Operating system. The research community is also focusing

efforts on this topic in the IRTF ICNRG group [5, 9].

For having a smart connected world, many challenges still remain to be

addressed. This section introduces some of them, with a description of how the

CCN technology can help. We group the challenges in clusters of more global

features and requirements.

4.1 Conﬁguration and Scalability

The key issue with IoT is the sheer scale of the deployment: 50 billions of IoT items

are expected to be deployed by 2020 and this will stretch many of the network

function: conﬁguration, the amount of trafﬁc being generated, management of so

many devices, failure handling and reliability of the network. Further, as the

functions and services often cut across multiple devices and platforms, orchestration

of services at scale will be a tremendous challenge.

For conﬁguration, there is little network action in CCN, outside of providing

name-based content mapping. (It is a challenge however to provide name-based

routing conﬁguration, but this can be achieved using hierarchical names for scal-

ability). As the ICN does not conﬁgure the network layer and is independent of host

identities, it is relatively convenient to integrate multiple devices into a network

which can communicate seamlessly. The only conﬁguration that is needed is at the

layer 2, so that two connected devices can exchange ‘interests’ and ‘data’ messages.

Heterogeneous conﬁguration is then a key beneﬁt of CCN for this as the IoT use

Towards the Usage of CCN for IoT Networks 11

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