Python编程入门：自然语言处理实战指南

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"《自然语言处理实战：Python版》是一本深入浅出的指南，介绍了自然语言处理（NLP）领域的核心技术。该领域涉及多种语言技术应用，如文本预测、电子邮件过滤、自动摘要和翻译等。通过阅读这本书，读者将学习如何使用Python编程语言处理大量的非结构化文本数据，并掌握如何利用诸如词典、树库等丰富的注解数据集进行分析。书中包含了大量的实例和练习，旨在帮助读者实现以下目标： 1. 从非结构化文本中提取信息，包括识别主题和命名实体。 2. 深入理解文本的语法结构，如句法分析和语义分析。 3. 掌握如何访问流行的语言数据库，如WordNet和树形银行，这些资源对于理解和构建语言模型至关重要。 4. 结合不同领域的技术，如语言学和人工智能，集成多种方法来处理和理解人类语言。本书特别适合希望在Web应用程序开发、多语言新闻分析、濒危语言记录等领域运用NLP技术的开发者，或者对程序员视角下的语言工作原理感兴趣的读者。无论你是初学者还是有一定经验的从业者，都能从中收获实用技能和深厚的理解，使你在自然语言处理的实践中游刃有余。作者Steven Bird、Ewan Klein和Edward Loper以他们丰富的经验和深入剖析，确保读者能够全面掌握Python和NLTK（自然语言工具包）这一开源库，为探索人类语言的奥秘打开了一扇大门。"

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author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Natural Language Processing with Py-

Ewan Klein, and Edward Loper, 978-0-596-51649-9.”

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xviii | Preface

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Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to the following people for feedback on earlier drafts of this

book: Doug Arnold, Michaela Atterer, Greg Aumann, Kenneth Beesley, Steven Bethard,

Ondrej Bojar, Chris Cieri, Robin Cooper, Grev Corbett, James Curran, Dan Garrette,

Jean Mark Gawron, Doug Hellmann, Nitin Indurkhya, Mark Liberman, Peter Ljunglöf,

Stefan Müller, Robin Munn, Joel Nothman, Adam Przepiorkowski, Brandon Rhodes,

Stuart Robinson, Jussi Salmela, Kyle Schlansker, Rob Speer, and Richard Sproat. We

are thankful to many students and colleagues for their comments on the class materials

that evolved into these chapters, including participants at NLP and linguistics summer

schools in Brazil, India, and the USA. This book would not exist without the members

of the nltk-dev developer community, named on the NLTK website, who have given

so freely of their time and expertise in building and extending NLTK.

We are grateful to the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Linguistic Data Consor-

tium, an Edward Clarence Dyason Fellowship, and the Universities of Pennsylvania,

Edinburgh, and Melbourne for supporting our work on this book.

We thank Julie Steele, Abby Fox, Loranah Dimant, and the rest of the O’Reilly team,

for organizing comprehensive reviews of our drafts from people across the NLP and

Python communities, for cheerfully customizing O’Reilly’s production tools to accom-

modate our needs, and for meticulous copyediting work.

Finally, we owe a huge debt of gratitude to our partners, Kay, Mimo, and Jee, for their

love, patience, and support over the many years that we worked on this book. We hope

that our children—Andrew, Alison, Kirsten, Leonie, and Maaike—catch our enthusi-

asm for language and computation from these pages.

Royalties

Royalties from the sale of this book are being used to support the development of the

Natural Language Toolkit.

Preface | xix

Getting Started with Python

One of the friendly things about Python is that it allows you to type directly into the

interactive interpreter—the program that will be running your Python programs. You

can access the Python interpreter using a simple graphical interface called the In-

teractive DeveLopment Environment (IDLE). On a Mac you can find this under Ap-

plications→MacPython, and on Windows under All Programs→Python. Under Unix

you can run Python from the shell by typing idle (if this is not installed, try typing

python). The interpreter will print a blurb about your Python version; simply check that

you are running Python 2.4 or 2.5 (here it is 2.5.1):

Python 2.5.1 (r251:54863, Apr 15 2008, 22:57:26)

[GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Inc. build 5465)] on darwin

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>>

If you are unable to run the Python interpreter, you probably don’t have

Python installed correctly.

Please visit http://python.org/ for detailed in-

structions.

The >>> prompt indicates that the Python interpreter is now waiting for input. When

copying examples from this book, don’t type the “>>>” yourself. Now, let’s begin by

using Python as a calculator:

>>> 1 + 5 * 2 - 3

>>>

Once the interpreter has finished calculating the answer and displaying it, the prompt

reappears. This means the Python interpreter is waiting for another instruction.

Your Turn: Enter a

few more expressions of your own. You can use

asterisk (*) for multiplication and slash (/) for division, and parentheses

for bracketing expressions. Note that division doesn’t always behave as

you might expect—it does integer division (with rounding of fractions

downwards) when you type 1/3 and “floating-point” (or decimal) divi-

sion when you type 1.0/3.0. In order to get the expected behavior of

division (standard in Python 3.0), you need to type: from __future__

import division.

The preceding examples demonstrate how you can work interactively with the Python

interpreter, experimenting with various expressions in the language to see what they

do. Now let’s try a non-sensical expression to see how the interpreter handles it:

2 | Chapter 1: Language Processing and Python

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