ISO/IEC 13818-1:2000(E) - 移动图片与音频编码标准

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"IOS13818标准是国际标准化组织（ISO）与国际电工委员会（IEC）联合制定的一项音视频编码标准，全称为“ISO/IEC 13818-1”。该标准主要关注如何将音视频数据和其他基本数据流组合成单一或多个数据流，以便于存储和传输。此标准的第二版发布于2000年12月1日，主要涵盖了运动图像和相关音频信息的通用编码系统技术。在ISO/IEC 13818-1中，核心内容包括以下几个方面： 1. **系统层**：定义了多媒体数据流的结构，包括如何组织和打包音视频数据，以及如何在不同网络和存储介质间进行传输。这包括节目和系统信息（PSI/SI）的描述，如节目关联表（PAT）、节目映射表（PMT）等，用于接收端解析数据流。 2. **复用**：该标准定义了如何将多个音视频流复用成一个单一的数据流，通常称为MPEG-2 Transport Stream（TS）。TS采用了可适应性较强的包结构，每个包包含固定长度的数据单元，便于在有损网络中传输。 3. **错误检测与恢复**：考虑到传输过程中可能出现的错误，标准提供了错误检测和纠正机制，如包头中的错误检测码和连续性计数器，确保数据的正确解码。 4. **时间同步**：为确保音视频同步，标准定义了时间戳（PTS和DTS）来标记每个数据包的播放时间，帮助解码器准确地呈现内容。 5. **兼容性**：ISO/IEC 13818-1与其他MPEG标准（如MPEG-1、MPEG-2 Part 2编码标准）兼容，允许在不同的编解码环境中灵活应用。 6. **应用领域**：此标准广泛应用于数字电视、DVD制作、卫星和有线电视传输、IP网络视频流等领域。 7. **版权保护**：虽然标准本身不涉及版权保护，但实际应用中，通常会结合数字权利管理（DRM）系统，以保护内容不被非法复制或分发。 ISO/IEC 13818-1的实施需要与编码标准（如MPEG-2 Part 2 for Video和Part 3 for Audio）结合，共同完成完整的音视频编码和传输过程。这个标准对于多媒体技术的发展和广泛应用起到了关键作用，为数字化媒体的传输和存储提供了统一的框架。" 由于篇幅限制，这里只概述了ISO/IEC 13818-1标准的一些核心概念和应用场景。实际上，该标准还包括更多细节和技术规格，如具体的打包格式、复用规则、解码流程等，这些都需要深入学习和理解才能完全掌握。

In the Program Stream both fixed and variable packet lengths are allowed subject to constraints as specified in 2.5.1

and 2.5.2. For Transport Streams the packet length is 188 bytes. Both fixed and variable PES packet lengths are allowed,

and will be relatively long in most applications.

On decoding, demultiplexing is required to reconstitute elementary streams from the multiplexed Program Stream or

Transport Stream. Stream_id codes in Program Stream packet headers, and Packet ID codes in the Transport Stream

make this possible.

Intro. 8.2 Synchronization

Synchronization among multiple elementary streams is accomplished with Presentation Time Stamps (PTS) in the

Program Stream and Transport streams. Time stamps are generally in units of 90 kHz, but the System Clock Reference

(SCR), the Program Clock Reference (PCR) and the optional Elementary Stream Clock Reference (ESCR) have

extensions with a resolution of 27 MHz. Decoding of N-elementary streams is synchronized by adjusting the decoding of

streams to a common master time base rather than by adjusting the decoding of one stream to match that of another. The

master time base may be one of the N-decoders’ clocks, the data source’s clock, or it may be some external clock.

Each program in a Transport Stream, which may contain multiple programs, may have its own time base. The time bases

of different programs within a Transport Stream may be different.

Because PTSs apply to the decoding of individual elementary streams, they reside in the PES packet layer of both the

Transport Streams and Program Streams. End-to-end synchronization occurs when encoders save time stamps at capture

time, when the time stamps propagate with associated coded data to decoders, and when decoders use those time stamps

to schedule presentations.

Synchronization of a decoding system with a channel is achieved through the use of the SCR in the Program Stream and

by its analogue, the PCR, in the Transport Stream. The SCR and PCR are time stamps encoding the timing of the bit

stream itself, and are derived from the same time base used for the audio and video PTS values from the same program.

Since each program may have its own time base, there are separate PCR fields for each program in a Transport Stream

containing multiple programs. In some cases it may be possible for programs to share PCR fields. Refer to 2.4.4,

Program Specific Information (PSI), for the method of identifying which PCR is associated with a program. A program

shall have one and only one PCR time base associated with it.

Intro. 8.3 Relation to compression layer

The PES packet layer is independent of the compression layer in some senses, but not in all. It is independent in the sense

that PES packet payloads need not start at compression layer start codes, as defined in Parts 2 and 3 of ISO/IEC 13818.

For example, video start codes may occur anywhere within the payload of a PES packet, and start codes may be split by a

PES packet header. However, time stamps encoded in PES packet headers apply to presentation times of compression

layer constructs (namely, presentation units). In addition, when the elementary stream data conforms to ITU-T

Rec. H.262 | ISO/IEC 13818-2 or ISO/IEC 13818-3, the PES_packet_data_bytes shall be byte aligned to the bytes of this

Recommendation | International Standard.

Intro. 9 System reference decoder

Part 1 of ISO/IEC 13818 employs a "System Target Decoder" (STD), one for Transport Streams (refer to 2.4.2) referred

to as "Transport System Target Decoder" (T-STD) and one for Program Streams (refer to 2.5.2) referred to as "Program

System Target Decoder" (P-STD), to provide a formalism for timing and buffering relationships. Because the STD is

parameterized in terms of ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 | ISO/IEC 13818-1 fields (for example, buffer sizes) each elementary

stream leads to its own parameterization of the STD. Encoders shall produce bit streams that meet the appropriate STD’s

constraints. Physical decoders may assume that a stream plays properly on its STD. The physical decoder must

compensate for ways in which its design differs from that of the STD.

Intro. 10 Applications

The streams defined in this Recommendation | International Standard are intended to be as useful as possible to a wide

variety of applications. Application developers should select the most appropriate stream.

Modern data communications networks may be capable of supporting ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 | ISO/IEC 13818-1 video and

ISO/IEC 13818 audio. A real time transport protocol is required. The Program Stream may be suitable for transmission

on such networks.

ISO/IEC 13818-1:2000(E)

ISO/IEC 13818-1 : 2000 (E)

ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 (2000 E) 1

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

ISO/IEC 13818-1 : 2000 (E)

ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 (2000 E)

ITU-T RECOMMENDATION

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – GENERIC CODING OF MOVING

PICTURES AND ASSOCIATED AUDIO INFORMATION: SYSTEMS

SECTION 1 – GENERAL

1.1 Scope

This Recommendation | International Standard specifies the system layer of the coding. It was developed principally to

support the combination of the video and audio coding methods defined in Parts 2 and 3 of ISO/IEC 13818. The system

layer supports five basic functions:

1) the synchronization of multiple compressed streams on decoding;

2) the interleaving of multiple compressed streams into a single stream;

3) the initialization of buffering for decoding start up;

4) continuous buffer management; and

5) time identification.

An ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 | ISO/IEC 13818-1 multiplexed bit stream is either a Transport Stream or a Program Stream.

Both streams are constructed from PES packets and packets containing other necessary information. Both stream types

support multiplexing of video and audio compressed streams from one program with a common time base. The

Transport Stream additionally supports the multiplexing of video and audio compressed streams from multiple

programs with independent time bases. For almost error-free environments the Program Stream is generally more

appropriate, supporting software processing of program information. The Transport Stream is more suitable for use in

environments where errors are likely.

An ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 | ISO/IEC 13818-1 multiplexed bit stream, whether a Transport Stream or a Program Stream, is

constructed in two layers: the outermost layer is the system layer, and the innermost is the compression layer. The system

layer provides the functions necessary for using one or more compressed data streams in a system. The video and audio

parts of this Specification define the compression coding layer for audio and video data. Coding of other types of data is

not defined by this Specification, but is supported by the system layer provided that the other types of data adhere to the

constraints defined in 2.7.

1.2 Normative references

The following Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text,

constitute provisions of this Recommendation | International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated

were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this

Recommendation | International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent

edition of the Recommendations and Standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently

valid International Standards. The Telecommunication Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list of currently

valid ITU-T Recommendations.

1.2.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards

– ITU-T Recommendation H.262 (2000) | ISO/IEC 13818-2:2000, Information technology – Generic

coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Video.

ISO/IEC 13818-1 : 2000 (E)

2 ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 (2000 E)

1.2.2 Paired Recommendations | International Standards equivalent in technical content

– ITU-T Recommendation T.171 (1996), Protocols for interactive audiovisual services: coded represen-

tation of multimedia and hypermedia objects.

ISO/IEC 13522-1:1997, Information technology – Coding of multimedia and hypermedia information –

Part 1: MHEG object representation – Base notation (ASN.1).

1.2.3 Additional references

– ISO 639-2:1998, Codes for the representation of names of languages – Part 2: Alpha-3 code.

– ISO 8859-1:1987, Information processing – 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets – Part 1: Latin

alphabet No. 1.

– ISO/IEC 11172-1:1993, Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for

digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 1: Systems.

– ISO/IEC 11172-2:1993, Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for

digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 2: Video.

– ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993, Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for

digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 3: Audio.

– ISO/IEC 13818-3:1998, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated

audio information – Part 3: Audio.

– ISO/IEC 13818-6:1998, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated

audio information – Part 6: Extensions for DSM-CC.

– ISO/IEC 13818-7:1997, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated

audio information – Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)

– ISO/IEC 14496-1:1999, Information technology – Coding of audio-visual objects – Part 1: Systems

– ISO/IEC 14496-2:1999, Information technology – Coding of audio-visual objects – Part 2: Visual

– ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999, Information technology – Coding of audio-visual objects – Part 3: Audio

– ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999/Amd.1:2000, Information technology – Coding of audio-visual objects – Part 3:

Audio, Amendment 1: Audio extensions

– Recommendation ITU-R BT.601.3, Encoding parameters of digital television for studios.

– Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-2, Television systems.

– Recommendation ITU-R BR.648, Digital recording of audio signals.

– Report ITU-R BO.955.2, Satellite sound broadcasting of vehicular, portable, and fixed receivers in the

range 500-3000 MHz.

– CCITT Recommendation J.17 (1988), Pre-emphasis used on sound-programme circuits.

– IEEE Standard 1180:1990, Standard Specification for the Implementations of 8 by 8 Inverse Discrete

Cosine Transform.

– IEC Publication 60908:1987, Compact disc digital audio system.

SECTION 2 – TECHNICAL ELEMENTS

2.1 Definitions

For the purposes of this Recommendation | International Standard, the following definitions apply. If specific to a Part,

this is parenthetically noted.

2.1.1 access unit (system): A coded representation of a presentation unit. In the case of audio, an access unit is the

coded representation of an audio frame.

In the case of video, an access unit includes all the coded data for a picture, and any stuffing that follows it, up to but not

including the start of the next access unit. If a picture is not preceded by a group_start_code or a sequence_header_code,

the access unit begins with the picture start code. If a picture is preceded by a group_start_code and/or a

sequence_header_code, the access unit begins with the first byte of the first of these start codes. If it is the last picture

preceding a sequence_end_code in the bitstream, all bytes between the last byte of the coded picture and the

sequence_end_code (including the sequence_end_code) belong to the access unit.

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