低频室内噪声自适应前馈控制方法综述

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"《自适应前馈控制低频室内噪声》是一本深入研究的学术著作，主要探讨在机电一体化领域的有源内部噪声控制技术。该书旨在为已具备工程力学和工程声学基础知识，特别是熟悉实验技术和系统理论，以及数值数学的研究生、专业工程师以及相关研究人员提供理论和技术指导。书中内容涵盖了低频室内噪声的适应性前馈控制方法，这是一种高级的噪声管理策略，通过实时监测和预测环境变化，自动调整控制系统以减少声波的传播。作者强调了对基础概念的深入理解，如振动传递路径分析、声学模型建立、信号处理算法以及控制系统的动态优化，这些都是实施有效低频噪声控制的关键要素。国际系列'智能系统、控制与自动化：科学与工程'的第56卷，由S.G. Tzafestas教授，来自希腊雅典的国家技术大学担任编辑，集合了来自全球顶尖高校的多位知名学者如P.Antsaklis教授（美国圣母大学）、P.Borne教授（法国里尔中央大学）等组成的编辑顾问团队，共同确保了内容的专业性和前沿性。对于想要深入了解低频室内噪声控制实践和理论挑战的读者，这本教材提供了丰富的实证研究、案例分析以及最新的研究进展。读者可以通过本书了解到如何设计和实施有效的自适应前馈控制器，以及如何解决实际应用中的噪声抑制问题，例如在建筑声学、汽车内部噪音控制、航空航天等领域。此外，书后的进一步阅读资源链接——www.springer.com/series/6259，为读者提供了更多关于该主题的后续学习资料和最新出版物，帮助他们保持在这一领域的知识更新。《自适应前馈控制低频室内噪声》是一本极具实用价值和学术深度的参考资料，对于噪声控制专业人士来说，是提升技能和扩展知识视野的重要工具。"

Contents xix

7.4.1 Attenuation of Aliasing ...................174

7.4.2 Comments on Filter Delay ..................174

8 ANC-System Design Methodology ...................177

8.1 A Note on the Design Methodology for Mechatronic Systems . . . 177

8.2 SystemMaturityLevels .......................179

8.3 A Design Methodology for ANC-Systems .............181

8.3.1 ANC-SystemDesignTasks .................181

8.3.2 ANC-SystemDesignSteps .................182

8.3.3 Matrix Model of the ANC-System Design Process .....184

Part IV ANC-System Design: Examples

9 Active Noise Control in a Semi-closed Interior .............189

9.1 Description of Problem and Requirements .............189

9.1.1 Requirements ........................192

9.2 Feasibility Study on ANC for the MA WA .............192

9.2.1 NoiseFieldAnalysisfortheMAWA............192

9.2.2 Formulation of ANC-System Concept for the MA WA . . . 195

9.2.3 Proof of MA WA ANC-System Concept . .........196

9.3 First Speciﬁcation of Active Noise System .............201

9.3.1 First Speciﬁcation of Microphones .............202

9.3.2 First Speciﬁcation of Actuators ...............203

9.3.3 First Speciﬁcation of Controller Software . .........203

9.3.4 Evaluation of First Speciﬁcation ...............204

9.4 Weight,CostandEfﬁciencyStudy .................206

9.4.1 ActuatorDesignforANCintheMAWA..........206

9.4.2 Improvement of Adaptive Signal Processing ........208

9.4.3 Optimization of Sensor and Actuator Locations ......213

9.5 Sensitivity Study for ANC in MA WA ...............220

9.6 Robust Control of Sound in the MA WA ..............220

9.6.1 Design, Construction and Veriﬁcation of Relevant Test Rig 221

9.6.2 Determination and Modeling of Uncertainties .......225

9.6.3 Review of the MA WA Robust Control Approach .....228

9.7 Design Process Summary . . . ...................234

10 A Sound Intensity Probe with Active Free Field ............237

10.1 Feasibility Study on an Active Intensity Probe . . .........237

10.1.1 Analysis of the Controlled Sound Field . . .........237

10.1.2 Formulation of SIAF-System Concept . . .........242

10.1.3 Controller Design and Proof of SIAF-System Concept . . . 242

10.2 First Speciﬁcation of an Active Intensity Probe . . .........246

10.2.1 First Speciﬁcation of System Hardware . . .........246

10.2.2 Test of First SIAF-Speciﬁcation ...............247

10.3 Design Process Summary and Outlook ...............253

xxii List of Figures

was performed to generate the power spectra of controlled and

uncontrolled microphone signal .................. 16

Fig. 1.12 Structure of ANC-system and internal information ﬂow based

on (VDI 2206 2004)........................ 18

Fig. 2.1 Time-history classiﬁcation of signals ............... 26

Fig.2.2 Blockdiagramrepresentingasystem............... 32

Fig. 2.3 Linear system with Dirac impulse δ(t) as input and impulse

response h(t) asoutput ...................... 32

Fig. 2.4 Transmission of deterministic and stochastic signals through a

continuous LTI-system . . . ................... 33

Fig. 2.5 Transmission of deterministic and stochastic signals through a

discreteLTI-system ........................ 33

Fig. 2.6 Schematic diagram of ﬁlter operation using a ﬁnite impulse

response ﬁlter of order I ...................... 34

Fig. 3.1 One-dimensional acoustic system with velocity source located

at x =0 and impedance boundary at x =L ............ 43

Fig. 3.2 Transfer behavior of an one-dimensional wave-guide for

harmonic excitation with V

(jω) ................. 45

Fig. 4.1 Microphone interpreted as linear system with acoustic pressure

as input quantity and transducer voltage as output quantity .... 50

Fig. 4.2 Principle of a condenser microphone (adapted from Möser

2005). Cathode is usually made of a thin membrane. Compared

to this, the anode is relatively massive. DC power supply u

needed to polarize the condenser. Membrane displacement x(t)

is small compared to the distance between the condenser plates d 50

Fig. 4.3 Magnitude (top) and phase (below) of the dimensionless transfer

function of the condenser microphone. Magnitude is almost

constant within four octave-bands below the natural frequency.

Output voltage is in phase with input pressure within two

octave-bands ............................ 52

Fig. 4.4 Orientation of a p-p probe in a spherical propagating wave

(adapted from Gade 1982)..................... 57

Fig. 4.5 Accelerometer interpreted as linear system with structural

acceleration as input quantity and transducer voltage as output

quantity . ............................. 58

Fig. 4.6 Accelerometer consisting of a seismic mass and a piezoelectric

element mounted on a base (adapted from Fahy and Gardonio

2007). x

(t) is the relative displacement between seismic mass

and base. x

(t) is the base displacement ............. 59

Fig. 4.7 Magnitude (top) and phase (below) of the dimensionless

transfer function of the accelerometer. Magnitude is constant

within eight octave-bands below the natural frequency. Phase

difference between output voltage and acceleration of base is

180° within these octave-bands .................. 60

List of Figures xxiii

Fig. 5.1 Electro-dynamical loudspeaker (acting in an acoustic ﬁeld)

interpreted as linear system with applied voltage as input

quantity and acoustic pressure as output quantity ......... 62

Fig. 5.2 Schematic diagram of an electro-dynamical loudspeaker. The

electrical circuit is modeled by an inner resistance R

and an

outer resistance R

as well as an inner inductance L

. B is the

electromagnetic induction. Mechanical circuit is modeled as

an one-degree of freedom oscillator with mass m, stiffness k

and damping r. f

represents the force caused by the external

sound pressure, and f

is the electrical force (adapted from

Fahy and Gardonio 2007)..................... 62

Fig. 5.3 Magnitude (top) and phase (below) of the dimensionless transfer

function of an electro-dynamical loudspeaker. Magnitude is

nearly constant within two octave-bands above the natural

frequency of the mechanical components. Sound pressure is

(nearly) in phase with the input voltage in these two octave-bands 64

Fig. 5.4 Electro-dynamical exciter (inertial actuator) interpreted as linear

system with applied voltage as input quantity and transmitted

force as output quantity . . . ................... 65

Fig. 5.5 Schematic diagram of an electro-dynamical exciter. Electrical

circuit is modeled by a resistance R

and an inductance L

. B is

the frequency-independent voice-coil coefﬁcient. Mechanical

circuit is modeled as a one-degree of freedom oscillator with

mass m, stiffness k

and damping r. f

represents the force

transmitted into the base (adapted from Fahy and Gardonio 2007)66

Fig. 5.6 Magnitude (top) and phase (below) of the dimensionless transfer

function of the inertial actuator. Magnitude is constant above the

natural frequency. Force transmitted into rigid base is in phase

to the input voltage above this frequency ............. 67

Fig. 5.7 Schematic diagram of an electro-dynamical exciter that is

attached to an elastic structure ................... 67

Fig. 5.8 Magnitude (top) and phase (below) of the dimensionless transfer

function of a ﬂat panel speaker. Magnitude is nearly constant in

a half-octave band between the natural frequency of the exciter

and the ﬁrst bending mode of the panel .............. 69

Fig. 6.1 Block diagram representation of a non-adaptive feed-forward

control schema illustrating the information ﬂow between three

systems (primary path, controller and secondary path) ...... 76

Fig. 6.2 Block diagram representation of an adaptive feed-forward

controller illustrating the information ﬂow between three

systems (primary path, controller and secondary path) including

a feed back of error signal . . ................... 77

Fig. 6.3 One-dimensional acoustic system terminated by primary source

(left) and secondary source (right) ................ 78

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