2015版HTML官方标准文档：详实内容与特性详解

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HTML官方标准文档，发布于2015年8月29日，是一份详细的文档，共计1158页，涵盖了HTML的核心内容及其最新发展。这份文档是W3C（World Wide Web Consortium）和WHATWG（Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group）合作维护的，旨在提供对HTML语言的全面而权威的指导。该文档分为多个部分，包括： 1. **介绍**：明确了本规范在HTML标准体系中的位置，指出它并不等同于HTML5，而是代表了HTML的一个持续演进过程。这部分还回顾了HTML的历史背景，阐述了其设计原则和目标受众。 2. **共同基础设施**：介绍了HTML的基础元素和结构，如文档类型声明、元数据以及HTML文档的通用属性和行为。 3. **HTML文档的语义、结构和API**：详细解释了HTML元素如何组织内容、赋予意义，并阐述了与用户交互、加载网页、网络通信等相关API。 4. **HTML元素**：涵盖了各种元素的定义和用法，包括常用的段落、列表、图像、链接等。 5. **Microdata**：这部分关注的是语义化的扩展技术，用于增强网页内容的机器可读性。 6. **用户交互**：讲解了表单、事件处理、媒体控制等用户界面交互方面的内容。 7. **加载网页**：涉及网页的加载策略、缓存和资源请求等方面。 8. **Web应用APIs**：介绍了与Web应用程序相关的API，如Web Workers和Web Storage，支持后台处理和持久化数据存储。 9. **通信**：涉及HTTP、WebSocket等协议，以及与服务器和客户端的双向通信机制。 10. **Web Workers**：详细解释了多线程编程模型，用于提升浏览器的性能和并行计算能力。 11. **Web Storage**：介绍本地存储技术，如localStorage和sessionStorage，用于持久数据的存储。 12. **HTML和XHTML语法**：区分并阐述了这两种标记语言的异同，以及它们在现代HTML中的角色。 13. **渲染**：讨论了浏览器渲染HTML的方式，包括CSS规则和视觉呈现。 14. **已弃用特性**：列出过时或不再推荐使用的特性，以便开发者了解当前最佳实践。 15. **IANA考虑**：关注国际互联网编号分配机构（IANA）的角色，与互联网协议和服务的标准化有关。文档结尾提供了索引、参考文献、致谢以及详细的目录，方便读者查找所需内容。此外，还提供了链接至官方验证器、邮件列表和实时更新的变更日志，便于跟踪和参与HTML标准的进一步发展。这份HTML官方标准文档是开发人员、设计师和研究人员不可或缺的参考资料，它确保了HTML语言的稳定性、一致性和向前兼容性，为构建现代Web应用提供了坚实的技术基础。

8.6.1.3.2 Sample user interface ........................................................................................ 866

8.6.1.4 Manually releasing the storage mutex..................................................................................... 868

8.6.1.5 Plugins..................................................................................................................................... 868

8.6.2 The External interface .............................................................................................................................. 873

8.7 Images............................................................................................................................................................................... 874

8.8 Animation Frames ............................................................................................................................................................. 878

9 Communication ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 880

9.1 The MessageEvent interfaces......................................................................................................................................... 880

9.2 Server-sent events ............................................................................................................................................................ 881

9.2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 881

9.2.2 The EventSource interface........................................................................................................................ 882

9.2.3 Processing model......................................................................................................................................... 883

9.2.4 Parsing an event stream .............................................................................................................................. 885

9.2.5 Interpreting an event stream ........................................................................................................................ 885

9.2.6 Authoring notes ............................................................................................................................................ 888

9.2.7 Connectionless push and other features...................................................................................................... 888

9.2.8 Garbage collection ....................................................................................................................................... 889

9.2.9 Implementation advice ................................................................................................................................. 889

9.2.10 IANA considerations................................................................................................................................... 889

9.2.10.1 text/event-stream.......................................................................................................... 889

9.2.10.2 Last-Event-ID .................................................................................................................. 890

9.3 Web sockets...................................................................................................................................................................... 891

9.3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 891

9.3.2 The WebSocket interface............................................................................................................................ 891

9.3.3 Feedback from the protocol.......................................................................................................................... 895

9.3.4 Ping and Pong frames.................................................................................................................................. 897

9.3.5 Parsing WebSocket URLs............................................................................................................................ 897

9.3.6 The CloseEvent interfaces ........................................................................................................................ 897

9.3.7 Garbage collection ....................................................................................................................................... 898

9.4 Cross-document messaging.............................................................................................................................................. 898

9.4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 899

9.4.2 Security......................................................................................................................................................... 899

9.4.2.1 Authors .................................................................................................................................... 899

9.4.2.2 User agents ............................................................................................................................. 899

9.4.3 Posting messages ........................................................................................................................................ 900

9.5 Channel messaging........................................................................................................................................................... 901

9.5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 901

9.5.1.1 Examples................................................................................................................................. 901

9.5.1.2 Ports as the basis of an object-capability model on the Web.................................................. 902

9.5.1.3 Ports as the basis of abstracting out service implementations................................................ 903

9.5.2 Message channels ....................................................................................................................................... 903

9.5.3 Message ports.............................................................................................................................................. 904

9.5.4 Broadcasting to many ports.......................................................................................................................... 907

9.5.5 Ports and garbage collection........................................................................................................................ 908

9.6 Broadcasting to other browsing contexts .......................................................................................................................... 908

10 Web workers......................................................................................................................................................................................... 911

10.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................... 911

10.1.1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................... 911

10.1.2 Examples.................................................................................................................................................... 911

10.1.2.1 A background number-crunching worker .............................................................................. 911

10.1.2.2 Worker used for background I/O ........................................................................................... 912

10.1.2.3 Shared workers introduction.................................................................................................. 914

10.1.2.4 Shared state using a shared worker...................................................................................... 915

10.1.2.5 Delegation ............................................................................................................................. 920

10.1.3 Tutorials...................................................................................................................................................... 921

10.1.3.1 Creating a dedicated worker ................................................................................................. 921

10.1.3.2 Communicating with a dedicated worker............................................................................... 922

10.1.3.3 Shared workers ..................................................................................................................... 922

10.2 Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................................................... 923

10.2.1 The global scope ........................................................................................................................................ 923

10.2.1.1 The WorkerGlobalScope common interface..................................................................... 923

10.2.1.2 Dedicated workers and the DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope interface............................924

10.2.1.3 Shared workers and the SharedWorkerGlobalScope interface....................................... 924

10.2.2 The event loop............................................................................................................................................ 925

10.2.3 The worker's lifetime................................................................................................................................... 925

10.2.4 Processing model....................................................................................................................................... 926

10.2.5 Runtime script errors .................................................................................................................................. 927

10.2.6 Creating workers ........................................................................................................................................ 928

10.2.6.1 The AbstractWorker abstract interface ............................................................................ 928

10.2.6.2 Script settings for workers ..................................................................................................... 928

10.2.6.3 Dedicated workers and the Worker interface....................................................................... 929

10.2.6.4 Shared workers and the SharedWorker interface............................................................... 930

10.3 APIs available to workers ................................................................................................................................................ 932

10.3.1 Importing scripts and libraries .................................................................................................................... 932

10.3.2 The WorkerNavigator object ................................................................................................................. 933

10.3.3 Worker locations......................................................................................................................................... 933

11 Web storage ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 934

11.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................... 934

11.2 The API............................................................................................................................................................................ 935

11.2.1 The Storage interface .............................................................................................................................. 935

11.2.2 The sessionStorage attribute................................................................................................................ 936

11.2.3 The localStorage attribute .................................................................................................................... 936

11.2.4 The storage event ................................................................................................................................... 937

11.2.4.1 The StorageEvent interface............................................................................................... 937

11.2.5 Threads ...................................................................................................................................................... 938

11.3 Disk space....................................................................................................................................................................... 938

11.4 Privacy............................................................................................................................................................................. 939

11.4.1 User tracking .............................................................................................................................................. 939

11.4.2 Sensitivity of data ....................................................................................................................................... 940

11.5 Security............................................................................................................................................................................ 940

11.5.1 DNS spoofing attacks................................................................................................................................. 940

11.5.2 Cross-directory attacks............................................................................................................................... 940

11.5.3 Implementation risks .................................................................................................................................. 940

12 The HTML syntax ................................................................................................................................................................................. 941

12.1 Writing HTML documents................................................................................................................................................ 941

12.1.1 The DOCTYPE........................................................................................................................................... 941

12.1.2 Elements..................................................................................................................................................... 942

12.1.2.1 Start tags ............................................................................................................................... 944

12.1.2.2 End tags ................................................................................................................................ 944

12.1.2.3 Attributes ............................................................................................................................... 944

12.1.2.4 Optional tags ......................................................................................................................... 946

12.1.2.5 Restrictions on content models ............................................................................................. 950

12.1.2.6 Restrictions on the contents of raw text and escapable raw text elements........................... 951

12.1.3 Text............................................................................................................................................................. 951

12.1.3.1 Newlines................................................................................................................................ 951

12.1.4 Character references.................................................................................................................................. 951

12.1.5 CDATA sections ......................................................................................................................................... 952

12.1.6 Comments .................................................................................................................................................. 952

12.2 Parsing HTML documents............................................................................................................................................... 952

12.2.1 Overview of the parsing model................................................................................................................... 954

12.2.2 The input byte stream................................................................................................................................. 954

12.2.2.1 Parsing with a known character encoding............................................................................. 955

12.2.2.2 Determining the character encoding ..................................................................................... 955

12.2.2.3 Character encodings ............................................................................................................. 960

12.2.2.4 Changing the encoding while parsing ................................................................................... 960

12.2.2.5 Preprocessing the input stream............................................................................................. 960

12.2.3 Parse state ................................................................................................................................................. 961

12.2.3.1 The insertion mode................................................................................................................ 961

12.2.3.2 The stack of open elements .................................................................................................. 962

12.2.3.3 The list of active formatting elements.................................................................................... 964

12.2.3.4 The element pointers............................................................................................................. 965

12.2.3.5 Other parsing state flags ....................................................................................................... 965

12.2.4 Tokenization ............................................................................................................................................... 965

12.2.4.1 Data state .............................................................................................................................. 966

12.2.4.2 Character reference in data state.......................................................................................... 966

12.2.4.3 RCDATA state....................................................................................................................... 967

12.2.4.4 Character reference in RCDATA state .................................................................................. 967

12.2.4.5 RAWTEXT state .................................................................................................................... 967

12.2.4.6 Script data state .................................................................................................................... 967

12.2.4.7 PLAINTEXT state .................................................................................................................. 968

12.2.4.8 Tag open state ...................................................................................................................... 968

12.2.4.9 End tag open state ................................................................................................................ 968

12.2.4.10 Tag name state ................................................................................................................... 969

12.2.4.11 RCDATA less-than sign state.............................................................................................. 969

12.2.4.12 RCDATA end tag open state............................................................................................... 969

12.2.4.13 RCDATA end tag name state.............................................................................................. 970

12.2.4.14 RAWTEXT less-than sign state........................................................................................... 970

12.2.4.15 RAWTEXT end tag open state ............................................................................................ 970

12.2.4.16 RAWTEXT end tag name state ........................................................................................... 971

12.2.4.17 Script data less-than sign state ........................................................................................... 971

12.2.4.18 Script data end tag open state ............................................................................................ 972

12.2.4.19 Script data end tag name state ........................................................................................... 972

12.2.4.20 Script data escape start state.............................................................................................. 972

12.2.4.21 Script data escape start dash state ..................................................................................... 973

12.2.4.22 Script data escaped state.................................................................................................... 973

12.2.4.23 Script data escaped dash state ........................................................................................... 973

12.2.4.24 Script data escaped dash dash state .................................................................................. 973

12.2.4.25 Script data escaped less-than sign state............................................................................. 974

12.2.4.26 Script data escaped end tag open state.............................................................................. 974

12.2.4.27 Script data escaped end tag name state............................................................................. 974

12.2.4.28 Script data double escape start state .................................................................................. 975

12.2.4.29 Script data double escaped state ........................................................................................ 975

12.2.4.30 Script data double escaped dash state ............................................................................... 976

12.2.4.31 Script data double escaped dash dash state ...................................................................... 976

12.2.4.32 Script data double escaped less-than sign state................................................................. 976

12.2.4.33 Script data double escape end state ................................................................................... 977

12.2.4.34 Before attribute name state ................................................................................................. 977

12.2.4.35 Attribute name state ............................................................................................................ 978

12.2.4.36 After attribute name state .................................................................................................... 979

12.2.4.37 Before attribute value state ................................................................................................. 979

12.2.4.38 Attribute value (double-quoted) state .................................................................................. 980

12.2.4.39 Attribute value (single-quoted) state.................................................................................... 980

12.2.4.40 Attribute value (unquoted) state .......................................................................................... 980

12.2.4.41 Character reference in attribute value state ........................................................................ 981

12.2.4.42 After attribute value (quoted) state ...................................................................................... 981

12.2.4.43 Self-closing start tag state ................................................................................................... 982

12.2.4.44 Bogus comment state.......................................................................................................... 982

12.2.4.45 Markup declaration open state ............................................................................................ 982

12.2.4.46 Comment start state ............................................................................................................ 982

12.2.4.47 Comment start dash state ................................................................................................... 983

12.2.4.48 Comment state .................................................................................................................... 983

12.2.4.49 Comment end dash state .................................................................................................... 983

12.2.4.50 Comment end state ............................................................................................................. 984

12.2.4.51 Comment end bang state .................................................................................................... 984

12.2.4.52 DOCTYPE state .................................................................................................................. 984

12.2.4.53 Before DOCTYPE name state............................................................................................. 985

12.2.4.54 DOCTYPE name state ........................................................................................................ 985

12.2.4.55 After DOCTYPE name state................................................................................................ 986

12.2.4.56 After DOCTYPE public keyword state................................................................................. 986

12.2.4.57 Before DOCTYPE public identifier state.............................................................................. 987

12.2.4.58 DOCTYPE public identifier (double-quoted) state............................................................... 987

12.2.4.59 DOCTYPE public identifier (single-quoted) state ................................................................ 988

12.2.4.60 After DOCTYPE public identifier state................................................................................. 988

12.2.4.61 Between DOCTYPE public and system identifiers state ..................................................... 988

12.2.4.62 After DOCTYPE system keyword state............................................................................... 989

12.2.4.63 Before DOCTYPE system identifier state............................................................................ 989

12.2.4.64 DOCTYPE system identifier (double-quoted) state............................................................. 990

12.2.4.65 DOCTYPE system identifier (single-quoted) state .............................................................. 990

12.2.4.66 After DOCTYPE system identifier state............................................................................... 990

12.2.4.67 Bogus DOCTYPE state ....................................................................................................... 991

12.2.4.68 CDATA section state ........................................................................................................... 991

12.2.4.69 Tokenizing character references ......................................................................................... 991

12.2.5 Tree construction........................................................................................................................................ 993

12.2.5.1 Creating and inserting nodes ................................................................................................ 994

12.2.5.2 Parsing elements that contain only text................................................................................. 999

12.2.5.3 Closing elements that have implied end tags........................................................................ 999

12.2.5.4 The rules for parsing tokens in HTML content ...................................................................... 999

12.2.5.4.1 The "initial" insertion mode............................................................................... 999

12.2.5.4.2 The "before html" insertion mode ................................................................... 1001

12.2.5.4.3 The "before head" insertion mode.................................................................. 1002

12.2.5.4.4 The "in head" insertion mode .........................................................................1002

12.2.5.4.5 The "in head noscript" insertion mode............................................................ 1004

12.2.5.4.6 The "after head" insertion mode..................................................................... 1005

12.2.5.4.7 The "in body" insertion mode.......................................................................... 1006

12.2.5.4.8 The "text" insertion mode ............................................................................... 1017

12.2.5.4.9 The "in table" insertion mode.......................................................................... 1018

12.2.5.4.10 The "in table text" insertion mode................................................................. 1020

12.2.5.4.11 The "in caption" insertion mode.................................................................... 1020

12.2.5.4.12 The "in column group" insertion mode.......................................................... 1021

12.2.5.4.13 The "in table body" insertion mode............................................................... 1022

12.2.5.4.14 The "in row" insertion mode.......................................................................... 1023

12.2.5.4.15 The "in cell" insertion mode.......................................................................... 1024

12.2.5.4.16 The "in select" insertion mode...................................................................... 1025

12.2.5.4.17 The "in select in table" insertion mode .........................................................1026

12.2.5.4.18 The "in template" insertion mode.................................................................. 1027

12.2.5.4.19 The "after body" insertion mode ................................................................... 1028

12.2.5.4.20 The "in frameset" insertion mode .................................................................1028

12.2.5.4.21 The "after frameset" insertion mode............................................................. 1029

12.2.5.4.22 The "after after body" insertion mode........................................................... 1029

12.2.5.4.23 The "after after frameset" insertion mode..................................................... 1030

12.2.5.5 The rules for parsing tokens in foreign content ................................................................... 1030

12.2.6 The end .................................................................................................................................................... 1033

12.2.7 Coercing an HTML DOM into an infoset .................................................................................................. 1034

12.2.8 An introduction to error handling and strange cases in the parser........................................................... 1034

12.2.8.1 Misnested tags: .......................................................................................... 1035

12.2.8.2 Misnested tags: ....................................................................................... 1035

12.2.8.3 Unexpected markup in tables.............................................................................................. 1037

12.2.8.4 Scripts that modify the page as it is being parsed............................................................... 1038

12.2.8.5 The execution of scripts that are moving across multiple documents ................................. 1039

12.2.8.6 Unclosed formatting elements............................................................................................. 1040

12.3 Serialising HTML fragments .......................................................................................................................................... 1041

12.4 Parsing HTML fragments .............................................................................................................................................. 1043

12.5 Named character references......................................................................................................................................... 1044

13 The XHTML syntax............................................................................................................................................................................. 1054

13.1 Writing XHTML documents............................................................................................................................................ 1054

13.2 Parsing XHTML documents .......................................................................................................................................... 1054

13.3 Serialising XHTML fragments........................................................................................................................................ 1055

13.4 Parsing XHTML fragments ............................................................................................................................................ 1056

14 Rendering........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1058

14.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 1058

14.2 The CSS user agent style sheet and presentational hints ............................................................................................ 1058

14.3 Non-replaced elements ................................................................................................................................................. 1059

14.3.1 Hidden elements ...................................................................................................................................... 1059

14.3.2 The page .................................................................................................................................................. 1059

14.3.3 Flow content ............................................................................................................................................. 1060

14.3.4 Phrasing content ...................................................................................................................................... 1062

14.3.5 Bidirectional text ....................................................................................................................................... 1064

14.3.6 Quotes...................................................................................................................................................... 1064

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