构建测试平台：功能验证HDL模型

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"Writing Testbenches - Functional Verification of HDL Models" 本书《Writing Testbenches》主要探讨了硬件描述语言（HDL）模型的功能验证，特别是关于测试平台的构建。作者Janick Bergeron专注于如何有效地验证VHDL和Verilog设计。这本书强调了验证在电子设计自动化过程中的关键性，以及如何利用验证工具和技术来确保硬件设计的正确性。 1. **什么是验证？** 验证是电子设计流程中的核心部分，旨在确认硬件设计是否符合其规格和预期功能。通过验证，设计师可以确保他们的设计在实际应用中能够正确工作，避免潜在的问题和缺陷。 2. **验证工具** 书中提到了各种用于验证的工具，这些工具帮助工程师管理和分析设计的模拟结果，包括自动化测试平台生成工具、覆盖率分析工具以及仿真管理软件等。 3. **验证计划** 一个详细的验证计划是验证过程的基础，它定义了验证的目标、方法、进度和度量标准。这个计划通常包括了对设计的各个方面的测试策略，以确保全面覆盖所有可能的运行情况。 4. **行为硬件描述语言** VHDL和Verilog是两种常用的行为级硬件描述语言，它们允许设计者用接近于高级编程语言的方式描述硬件行为。在测试平台上，这两种语言被用来创建激励源和预期响应，以模拟真实环境中的系统操作。 5. **激励和响应** 激励是指输入到设计中的信号，而响应则是设计对这些输入的输出。在测试平台中，通过精心设计的激励序列，工程师可以检查设计在各种条件下的行为，从而验证其正确性。 6. **架构测试平台** 构建测试平台是一项关键任务，它需要考虑如何有效地模拟设计的环境，包括外部接口、时序控制和其他必要的组件。测试平台应能够提供足够的灵活性以覆盖多种测试场景，并支持可重用和可扩展性。 7. **模拟管理** 模拟管理涉及到如何组织和控制仿真过程，包括设置初始条件、收集和分析结果，以及在大规模设计中进行并行和分布式仿真。 8. **编码指导原则** 为了保证测试平台的可读性、可维护性和可复用性，书中提供了编码规范和最佳实践，这对于任何规模的设计项目都是至关重要的。《Writing Testbenches》是针对电子设计工程师和验证工程师的一本实用指南，它深入介绍了测试平台的构建和验证技术，对于理解和提升HDL模型的功能验证能力具有极大的价值。无论是VHDL还是Verilog用户，都能从中受益，提升他们的设计验证水平。

With gate counts and system complexity growing exponentially,

engineers confront the most perplexing challenge in product

design: functional verification. The bulk of the time consumed in

the design of new ICs and systems is now spent on verification.

New and interesting design technologies like physical synthesis and

design reuse that create ever-larger designs only aggravate the

problem. What the EDA tool industry has continuously failed to

realize is that the real problem is not how to create a 12 million gate

IC that runs at 600 MHz, but how to verify it.

The true path to rapid and accurate system verification includes

both tool and methodology innovation. Engineers are compelled to

use the best verification and design tools available to shorten design

cycle time. But it is a grave mistake to assume that simply having

the best tools will result in quality ICs and systems that meet mar-

ket demands and mitigate competitive pressures. Indeed, the best

determinant of successful IC and system design is how the engineer

approaches the problem. The vast majority of engineers still

approach verification using methods dating back a dozen years or

more. If dramatic improvement in verification efficiency is to come

about, real change in the way engineers approach verification is

mandatory and urgent.

A review of available texts on verification reveals a lack of mature

knowledge and leadership on the topic: the EDA tool industry is

conspicuously silent. This text marks the first genuine effort at

Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification of HDL Models

FOREWORD

Preface

Basic language textbooks appeared early in the life of hardware

description languages. They continue to appear as the presentation

styles are refined to facilitate their understanding or as they are

tuned to a particular audience. But the benefits of additional lan-

guage textbooks is quickly diminishing.

Since the introduction of hardware description languages and logic

synthesis technology in the mid 80’s, a lot of expertise on coding

styles and synthesis methodologies has been developed to obtain

desired results. A lot of that expertise has been presented at confer-

ences, has been codified in textbooks, and is available as introduc-

tory and advanced training classes. Early language-focused

textbooks were re-edited to include chapters on synthesizeable cod-

ing and many books entirely devoted to that topic now exist. The

synthesis process, although complex, is now well understood and

many resources are available to communicate that understanding.

Standard procedures and techniques have been developed to pre-

dictably produce adequate results.

At the time I started writing this book, it was going to be the first

book specifically devoted to verification techniques for hardware

models. I will introduce you to the latest verification techniques

that have been successfully used to produce first-time-right ASICs,

Systems-on-a-Chip (SoC), boards, and entire systems.

WHAT THIS BOOK IS ABOUT

I will first introduce the necessary concepts and tools of verifica-

tion, then I’ll describe a process for carrying out an effective func-

tional verification of a design. It is necessary to cover some

language semantics that are often overlooked or oversimplified in

textbooks intent on describing the synthesizeable subset. These

unfamiliar semantics become important in understanding what

makes a well-implemented and robust testbench and in providing

the necessary control and monitor features.

I will also present techniques for applying stimulus and monitoring

the response of a design, by abstracting the operations using bus-

functional models. The architecture of testbenches built around

these bus-functional models is important to minimize development

and maintenance effort.

xviii

Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification of HDL Models

What Prior Knowledge You Should Have

Behavioral modeling is another important concept presented in this

book. It is used to parallelize the implementation and verification of

a design and to perform more efficient simulations. For many,

behavioral modeling is synonymous with synthesizeable or RTL

modeling. In this book, the term “behavioral” is used to describe

any model that adequately emulates the functionality of a design,

usually using non-synthesizeable constructs and coding style.

WHAT PRIOR KNOWLEDGE YOU SHOULD HAVE

This book focuses on the functional verification of hardware

designs using either VHDL or Verilog. I expect the reader to have

at least a basic knowledge of one of the languages. Ideally, you

should have experience in writing synthesizeable models and be

familiar with running a simulation using any of the available

VHDL or Verilog simulators. There will be no description of lan-

guage syntax or grammar. It may be a good idea to have a copy of a

language-focused textbook as a reference along with this book

. I

do not describe the synthesizeable subset, nor limit the implementa-

tion of the verification techniques to using that subset. Verification

is a complex task: the power of either language will be used to their

fullest.

I also expect that you have a basic understanding of digital hard-

ware design. This book uses several hypothetical designs from var-

ious domains of application (video, datacom, computing, etc.).

How these designs are actually specified, architected, then imple-

mented is beyond the scope of this book. The content focuses on the

specification, architecture, then implementation of the verification

of these same designs.

1. For Verilog, I recommend The Verilog Hardware Description Language

by Thomas & Moorby, 3rd edition or later (Kluwer Academic Pub-

lisher). For VHDL, I recommend VHDL Coding Styles and Methodolo-

gies by Ben Cohen (Kluwer Academic Publisher).

Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification of HDL Models

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