Go Recipes：问题解决之道，掌握Go编程核心技术

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《Go Recipes：问题解决之道》是一本针对Go语言编程的实践指南，作者Shiju Varghese采用问题-解决方案的方式，帮助读者解决实际编程中的挑战。本书适合经验丰富的程序员，无论他们是否具备Go语言背景。书中深入浅出地介绍了Go语言的核心基础知识，包括但不限于： 1. 第一章：入门Go - 为读者提供了一个平稳的起点，介绍Go语言的基础概念和环境设置，让初学者对语言有个扎实的了解。 2. 第二章：Go基础 - 进一步探讨Go的语法、数据类型、变量和常量，以及如何编写清晰、简洁的代码。 3. 第三章：结构体与接口 - 学习Go中的面向对象编程特性，如何通过结构体定义数据结构，以及接口在实现多态性方面的应用。 4. 第四章：并发 - Go语言强调并发编程，本章会讲解 goroutines 和 channels，以及如何利用这些工具编写高效的并发程序。 5. 第五章：使用标准库 - 探索Go标准库的强大功能，如网络编程、文件操作和错误处理，以便高效地利用内置模块。 6. 第六章：数据持久化 - 教授如何将数据存储到NoSQL数据库，如MongoDB和RethinkDB，实现数据管理和查询优化。 7. 第七章：构建HTTP服务器 - 学习如何设计和实现可扩展的后端API，满足移动和Web客户端的应用需求。 8. 第八章：测试Go应用 - 了解如何编写测试用例确保代码质量，确保程序在部署前已准备好接受严格的测试。通过阅读这本书，读者不仅能掌握Go语言的基本技巧，还能学会如何构建可靠、高效的应用，并能在多核和网络环境中充分利用Go的类型系统，提高程序的灵活性和模块化。此外，书中还涉及了HTTP服务器的创建和测试，确保开发者能够为远程客户端提供无缝的交互体验。《Go Recipes：问题解决之道》是一本实用的工具书，旨在帮助读者通过解决问题的方式深化对Go语言的理解，提升编程技能，进而构建高效、可靠的软件项目。

xix

Introduction

Go, also commonly referred to as Golang, is a general-purpose programming language conceived at Google

in 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson. The language first appeared in November 2009

as an open source project. The Go open source project is available at

https://github.com/golang/go .

Version 1.0 of Go was released in March 2012, providing a stable version that includes language

specification, standard libraries, and custom tools. Go borrows the basic syntax of C and has the same

philosophy as C: Enable maximum capability with a minimum set of features. You can say that Go is a

modern C with the productivity of a dynamically typed language, although it is a statically typed language.

The Go web site (

https://golang.org/ ) defines Go this way: “Go is an open source programming language

that makes it easy to build simple, reliable, and efficient software.”

When Go was conceived at Google, there were numerous challenges in the software engineering of

systems. Many of our software systems were not able to leverage the emergence of multicore computers.

Our modern computers now have evolved to include many CPU cores and we are still using the languages

and tools that were designed to write software for single-core machines. There was an emergence of the

use of dynamically typed language for the sake of productivity, but it causes performance problems when

applications are scaling, and debugging those applications is extremely difficult. C and C++ were widely

used for writing systems software, but compiling larger applications with C and C++ was always painful due

to the time-consuming compilation process. Another challenge is that we have many existing programming

languages, but we use different languages for different purposes. For example, we might use C and C++ for

writing high-performance systems software, but we use a different language for writing web applications.

Using different programming languages for each techncial domain is really painful for many organizations,

especially startup organizations.

First and foremost, Go is a great general-purpose programming language, designed to be simple,

minimal, pragmatic. Go is a compiled, concurrent, garbage-collected, statically typed language that lets you

write high-performance, scalable systems with high productivity. Go is efficient, scalable, and productive.

Go compiles programs quickly into native machine code. It will surprise you with its simplicity and

pragmatism. Go is designed for solving real-world problems rather than focusing too much on academic

theories and programming language theory (PLT). Concurrency is a built-in feature of Go that enables you

write efficient, high-performance software systems by leveraging the power of modern computers that have

many CPU cores. Although Go is a statically typed language, it provides the productivity of a dynamically

typed language thanks to its pragmatic design. As a general-purpose programming language, Go can be used

for building a variety of software systems.

The book provides a problem-solution approach with various code recipes. Each recipe is a self-contained

solution to a practical programming problem in Go. The first four chapters of the book are focused on the

Go programming language and its various features. The remaining chapters help you to build real-world

applications.

The source code for the book is available on GitHub at

https://github.com/shijuvar/go-recipes .

This will provide source code for each recipe discussed in the book. This GitHub repository will also provide

additional example code that is not presented in the book.

S. Varghese, Go Recipes, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4842-1188-5_1

CHAPTER 1

Beginning Go

Go, also commonly referred to as Golang, is a general-purpose programming language, developed by a team

at Google and many contributors from the open source community (

http://golang.org/contributors ). The

Go language was conceived in September 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson at Google.

Go first appeared in November 2009, and the first version of the language was released in December 2012. Go

is an open source project that is distributed under a BSD-style license. The official web site of the Go project

is available at

http://golang.org/ . Go is a statically typed, natively compiled, garbage-collected, concurrent

programming language that belongs primarily to the C family of languages in terms of basic syntax.

Introduction to Go

The Go programming language can be simply described in three words: simple, minimal, and pragmatic.

The design goal of Go is to be a simple, minimal, and expressive programming language that provides all the

essential features for building reliable and efficient software systems. Every language has its own design goal

and a unique philosophy. Simplicity can’t be added later in the language, so it must be built with simplicity

in mind. Go is designed for simplicity. By combining Go’s simplicity and pragmatism, you can build highly

efficient software systems with a higher level of productivity.

Go is a statically typed programming language with its syntax loosely derived from C, sometimes

referred to as a modern C for the 21st century. From C, Go borrows its basic syntax, control-flow statements,

and basic data types. Like C and C++, Go programs compile into native machine code. Go code can be

compiled into native machine code for a variety of processors (ARM, Intel) under a variety of operating

systems (Linux, Windows, macOS). It is important to note that Go code can be compiled into Android

and iOS platforms. Unlike Java and C#, Go doesn’t need any virtual machine or language runtime to run

compiled code because it compiles into native machine code. This will give you great opportunities when

you build applications for modern systems. Go compiles programs faster than C and C++, hence compiling

larger programs with Go solves the problem of delays in compiling larger programs with many of the existing

programming languages. Although Go is a statically typed language, it provides the developer productivity

similar to a dynamically type language because of its pragmatic design.

In the last decade, computer hardware has evolved to having many CPU cores and more power. Nowadays

we heavily leverage cloud platforms for building and running applications where servers on the cloud have

more power. Although modern computers and virtual machine instances on the cloud have more power and

many CPU cores, we still can’t leverage the power of modern computers using most of the existing programming

languages and tools. Go is designed to effectively use the power of modern computers for running high-

performance applications. Go provides concurrency as a built-in feature, and it is designed for writing high-

performance concurrent applications that allow developers to build and run high-performance, massively

scalable applications for modern computers. Go is a great choice of language in the era of cloud computing.

Electronic supplementary material The online version of this chapter (doi: 10.1007/978-1-4842-1188-5_1 )

contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

CHAPTER 1 ■ BEGINNING GO

The Go Ecosystem

Go is an ecosystem that also provides essential tools and libraries for writing a variety of software systems.

The Go ecosystem is consists of the following:

• G o l a n g u a g e

• Go libraries

• Go tooling

The Go language provides essential syntax and features that allow you to write your programs. These

programs leverage libraries as reusable pieces of functionality, and tooling for formatting code, compiling

code, running tests, installing programs, and creating documentation. The Go installation comes with a lot

of reusable libraries known as standard library packages. The Go developer community has been building

a huge set of reusable libraries known as third-party packages. When you build Go applications, you can

leverage packages (reusable libraries) provided by Go itself and the Go community. You use Go tooling to

manage your Go code. Go tooling allows you to format, verify, test, and compile your code.

1-1. Installing Go Tools

Problem

You want to install Go tools in your development machine.

Solution

Go provides binary distributions for FreeBSD, Linux, macOS, and Windows. Go also provides installer

packages for macOS and Windows.

H o w I t W o r k s

Go provides binary distributions for Go tools for the FreeBSD (release 8-STABLE and above), Linux,

macOS (10.7 and above), and Windows operating systems and the 32-bit (386) and 64-bit (amd64) x86

processor architectures. If a binary distribution is not available for your combination of operating system

and architecture, you can install it from source. The binary distributions for the Go tools are available at

https://golang.org/dl/ . You can also install the Go tools by building from the source. If you are building

from source, follow the source installation instructions at

https://golang.org/doc/install/source .

Figure

1-1 shows the installer packages and archived source for various platforms, including macOS,

Windows, and Linux, which is listed on the download page of the Go web site (

https://golang.org/dl/ ).

Go provides installers for both macOS and Windows operating systems.

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