Ubuntu 14.04服务器配置指南：安装与任务导向定制

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"Ubuntu Server Guide (14.04 版本)是一份详尽的文档，专为在 Ubuntu 14.04 系统上安装和配置各种服务器应用程序而设计。该指南旨在提供一个步骤-by-步骤、任务导向的参考，帮助用户根据自身需求定制和配置系统。文档由 Ubuntu 文档团队维护，其版权归属于文档贡献者，并遵循 Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 许可证（CC-BY-SA），允许用户在尊重此许可证的前提下修改、扩展和改进源代码。该文档的目的是为了提高用户的服务器管理效率，但请注意，它不附带任何商业担保或针对特定用途的适用性保证，这是根据免责声明中的条款来提供的。用户可以在这里找到完整的 Creative Commons ShareAlike License 1 的副本。文档的编写团队主要由 Ubuntu 文档项目成员以及参与项目的其他贡献者构成，他们的努力使得这份指南不断完善和更新。通过这份指南，读者可以学习如何设置基础架构如网络配置、安全设置、用户管理、软件安装、存储管理和性能优化等。无论是初次接触 Ubuntu 服务器的用户还是经验丰富的管理员，都可以从中找到实用的指导。在阅读过程中，用户应遵循文档中的指导步骤，以确保在 Ubuntu 14.04 环境下实现高效且稳定的服务器运行。" 总结来说，Ubuntu Server Guide 14.04 是一个全面的工具，涵盖了从基础安装到高级定制的广泛内容，是 Ubuntu 系统服务器运维的重要参考资料。它的存在鼓励了社区的协作和知识共享，确保用户能够充分利用 Ubuntu 作为服务器操作系统的优势。

Installation

4. Advanced Installation

4.1. Software RAID

Redundant Array of Independent Disks "RAID" is a method of using multiple disks to provide different

balances of increasing data reliability and/or increasing input/output performance, depending on the RAID

level being used. RAID is implemented in either software (where the operating system knows about both

drives and actively maintains both of them) or hardware (where a special controller makes the OS think there's

only one drive and maintains the drives 'invisibly').

The RAID software included with current versions of Linux (and Ubuntu) is based on the 'mdadm' driver and

works very well, better even than many so-called 'hardware' RAID controllers. This section will guide you

through installing Ubuntu Server Edition using two RAID1 partitions on two physical hard drives, one for /

and another for swap.

4.1.1. Partitioning

Follow the installation steps until you get to the Partition disks step, then:

1. Select Manual as the partition method.

2. Select the first hard drive, and agree to "Create a new empty partition table on this device?".

Repeat this step for each drive you wish to be part of the RAID array.

3. Select the "FREE SPACE" on the first drive then select "Create a new partition".

4. Next, select the Size of the partition. This partition will be the swap partition, and a general rule for swap

size is twice that of RAM. Enter the partition size, then choose Primary, then Beginning.

A swap partition size of twice the available RAM capacity may not always be desirable,

especially on systems with large amounts of RAM. Calculating the swap partition size for

servers is highly dependent on how the system is going to be used.

5. Select the "Use as:" line at the top. By default this is "Ext4 journaling file system", change that to

"physical volume for RAID" then "Done setting up partition".

6. For the / partition once again select "Free Space" on the first drive then "Create a new partition".

7. Use the rest of the free space on the drive and choose Continue, then Primary.

8. As with the swap partition, select the "Use as:" line at the top, changing it to "physical volume for

RAID". Also select the "Bootable flag:" line to change the value to "on". Then choose "Done setting up

partition".

9. Repeat steps three through eight for the other disk and partitions.

4.1.2. RAID Configuration

With the partitions setup the arrays are ready to be configured:

1. Back in the main "Partition Disks" page, select "Configure Software RAID" at the top.

Installation

2. Select "yes" to write the changes to disk.

3. Choose "Create MD device".

4. For this example, select "RAID1", but if you are using a different setup choose the appropriate type

(RAID0 RAID1 RAID5).

In order to use RAID5 you need at least three drives. Using RAID0 or RAID1 only two drives

are required.

5. Enter the number of active devices "2", or the amount of hard drives you have, for the array. Then select

"Continue".

6. Next, enter the number of spare devices "0" by default, then choose "Continue".

7. Choose which partitions to use. Generally they will be sda1, sdb1, sdc1, etc. The numbers will usually

match and the different letters correspond to different hard drives.

For the swap partition choose sda1 and sdb1. Select "Continue" to go to the next step.

8. Repeat steps three through seven for the / partition choosing sda2 and sdb2.

9. Once done select "Finish".

4.1.3. Formatting

There should now be a list of hard drives and RAID devices. The next step is to format and set the mount

point for the RAID devices. Treat the RAID device as a local hard drive, format and mount accordingly.

1. Select "#1" under the "RAID1 device #0" partition.

2. Choose "Use as:". Then select "swap area", then "Done setting up partition".

3. Next, select "#1" under the "RAID1 device #1" partition.

4. Choose "Use as:". Then select "Ext4 journaling file system".

5. Then select the "Mount point" and choose "/ - the root file system". Change any of the other options as

appropriate, then select "Done setting up partition".

6. Finally, select "Finish partitioning and write changes to disk".

If you choose to place the root partition on a RAID array, the installer will then ask if you would like to boot

in a degraded state. See Section 4.1.4, “Degraded RAID” [p. 11] for further details.

The installation process will then continue normally.

4.1.4. Degraded RAID

At some point in the life of the computer a disk failure event may occur. When this happens, using Software

RAID, the operating system will place the array into what is known as a degraded state.

If the array has become degraded, due to the chance of data corruption, by default Ubuntu Server Edition

will boot to initramfs after thirty seconds. Once the initramfs has booted there is a fifteen second prompt

Installation

4.2. Logical Volume Manager (LVM)

Logical Volume Manger, or LVM, allows administrators to create logical volumes out of one or multiple

physical hard disks. LVM volumes can be created on both software RAID partitions and standard partitions

residing on a single disk. Volumes can also be extended, giving greater flexibility to systems as requirements

change.

4.2.1. Overview

A side effect of LVM's power and flexibility is a greater degree of complication. Before diving into the LVM

installation process, it is best to get familiar with some terms.

• Physical Volume (PV): physical hard disk, disk partition or software RAID partition formatted as LVM PV.

• Volume Group (VG): is made from one or more physical volumes. A VG can can be extended by adding

more PVs. A VG is like a virtual disk drive, from which one or more logical volumes are carved.

• Logical Volume (LV): is similar to a partition in a non-LVM system. A LV is formatted with the desired file

system (EXT3, XFS, JFS, etc), it is then available for mounting and data storage.

4.2.2. Installation

As an example this section covers installing Ubuntu Server Edition with /srv mounted on a LVM volume.

During the initial install only one Physical Volume (PV) will be part of the Volume Group (VG). Another PV

will be added after install to demonstrate how a VG can be extended.

There are several installation options for LVM, "Guided - use the entire disk and setup LVM" which will also

allow you to assign a portion of the available space to LVM, "Guided - use entire and setup encrypted LVM",

or Manually setup the partitions and configure LVM. At this time the only way to configure a system with

both LVM and standard partitions, during installation, is to use the Manual approach.

1. Follow the installation steps until you get to the Partition disks step, then:

2. At the "Partition Disks screen choose "Manual".

3. Select the hard disk and on the next screen choose "yes" to "Create a new empty partition table on this

device".

4. Next, create standard /boot, swap, and / partitions with whichever filesystem you prefer.

5. For the LVM /srv, create a new Logical partition. Then change "Use as" to "physical volume for LVM"

then "Done setting up the partition".

6. Now select "Configure the Logical Volume Manager" at the top, and choose "Yes" to write the changes

to disk.

7. For the "LVM configuration action" on the next screen, choose "Create volume group". Enter a name

for the VG such as vg01, or something more descriptive. After entering a name, select the partition

configured for LVM, and choose "Continue".

8. Back at the "LVM configuration action" screen, select "Create logical volume". Select the newly created

volume group, and enter a name for the new LV, for example srv since that is the intended mount point.

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