C程序设计语言（第二版）- Brian W. Kernighan & Dennis M. Ritchie

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"kr C，C Programming Language，由Brian W. Kernighan和Dennis M. Ritchie合作编写的第二版，是C语言的经典教材。本书是Prentice Hall Software Series的一部分，出版于美国，并在全球多地有发行。" 《C程序设计语言》（The C Programming Language）是由Brian W. Kernighan和Dennis M. Ritchie共同撰写的经典书籍，通常被简称为“K&R”或“KR版”。这本书是C语言教育和学习的重要参考，对于理解和掌握C语言有着深远的影响。第二版（Second Edition）针对1988年的C语言标准进行了更新，包括了C89（也称C90）标准的新特性。C语言以其简洁、高效和灵活性著称，被广泛应用于系统编程、嵌入式系统、软件开发以及各种复杂计算任务中。Kernighan和Ritchie的这本著作详细解释了C语言的基础概念、语法和编程实践，包括变量、数据类型、控制结构、函数、数组、指针、结构体等核心概念。书中采用的编写和排版方式展示了作者对技术的深入理解和对细节的严谨把握。使用pic、tbl、eqn、troff等工具进行排版，体现了当时UNIX系统下的文本处理技术。同时，该书的出版还与UNIX操作系统紧密相关，因为C语言正是在开发UNIX系统的过程中诞生的，且UNIX系统的大部分代码都是用C语言编写的。《C程序设计语言》不仅适合初学者入门，也适用于已经有一定经验的程序员深入研究。它以清晰的示例和详尽的解释帮助读者理解C语言的精髓，为学习者提供了坚实的编程基础。通过阅读此书，读者可以学习到如何利用C语言的特性来编写高效、可读性强的代码，同时也能了解到C语言的历史和文化背景。 "kr C"代表的《C程序设计语言》第二版是一本里程碑式的编程教材，无论对于个人还是整个计算机科学领域，其价值都是不可估量的。它不仅是一部技术书籍，更是C语言精神的体现，值得所有对编程感兴趣的人研读。

pejorative; it simply means that C deals with the same sort of objects that most

computers do, namely characters, numbers, and addresses. These may be com-

bined and moved about with the arithmetic and logical operators implemented

by real machines.

C provides no operations to deal directly with composite objects such as

character strings, sets, lists, or arrays. There are no operations that manipulate

an entire array or string, although structures may be copied as a unit. The

language does not define any storage allocation facility other than static defini-

tion and the stack discipline provided by the local variables of functions; there is

no heap or garbage collection. Finally, C itself provides no input/output facili-

ties; there are no READ or WRITE statements, and no built-in file access

methods. All of these higher-level mechanisms must be provided by explicitly-

called functions. Most C implementations have included a reasonably standard

collectionof such functions.

Similarly, C offers only straightforward, single-thread control flow: tests,

loops, grouping, and subprograms, but not multiprogramming, parallel opera-

tions, synchronization,or coroutines.

Although the absence of some of these features may seem like a grave defi-

ciency ("You mean I have to call a function to compare two character

strings?"), keeping the language down to modest size has real benefits. Since C

is relatively small, it can be described in a small space, and learned quickly. A

programmer can reasonably expect to know and understand and indeed regu-

larly use the entire language.

For many years, the definition of C was the reference manual in the first

edition of The C Programming Language. In 1983, the American National

Standards Institute

(ANSI)

established a committee to provide a modern,

comprehensive definition of C. The resulting definition, the

ANSI

standard, or

"ANSI

C," was completed late in 1988. Most of the features of the standard

are already supported by modern compilers.

The standard is based on the original reference manual. The language is

relatively little changed; one of the goals of the standard was to make sure that

most existing programs would remain valid, or, failing that, that compilers could

produce warnings of new behavior.

For most programmers, the most important change is a new syntax for

declaring and defining functions. A function declaration can now include a

description of the arguments of the function; the definition syntax changes to

match. This extra information makes it much easier for compilers to detect

errors caused by mismatched arguments; in our experience, it is a very useful

addition to the language.

There are other small-scale language changes. Structure assignment and

enumerations, which had been widely available, are now officially part of the

language. Floating-point computations may now be done in single precision.

The properties of arithmetic, especially for unsigned types, are clarified. The

preprocessor is more elaborate. Most of these changes will have only minor

INTRODUCTION

effects on most programmers.

A second significant contribution of the standard is the definition of a library

to accompany C.

specifies functions for accessing the operating system (for

instance, to read and write files), formatted input and output, memory alloca-

tion, string manipulation, and the like. A collection of standard headers pro-

vides uniform access to declarations of functions and data types. Programs that

use this library to interact with a host system are assured of compatible

behavior. Most of the library is closely modeled on the "standard

1/0

library"

of the UNIX system. This library was described in the first edition, and has

been widely used on other systems as well. Again, most programmers will not

see much change. .

Because the data types and control structures provided by C are supported

directly by most computers, the run-time library required to implement self-

contained programs is tiny. The standard library functions are only called

explicitly, so they can be avoided if they are not needed. Most can be written in

C, and except for the operating system details they conceal, are themselvesport-

able.

Although C matches the capabilities of many computers, it is independent of

any particular machine architecture. With a little care' it is easy to write port-

able programs, that is, programs that can be run without change on a variety of

hardware. The standard makes portability issues explicit, and prescribes a set

of constants that characterize the machine on which the program is run.

C is not a strongly-typed language, but as it has evolved,its type-checking

has been strengthened. The original definition of C frowned on, but permitted,

the interchange of pointers and integers; this has long since been eliminated, and

the standard now requires the proper declarations and explicit conversionsthat

had already been enforced by good compilers. The new function declarations

are another step in this direction. Compilers will warn of most type errors, and

there is no automatic conversion of incompatible data types. Nevertheless, C

retains the basic philosophythat programmers know what they are doing; it only

requires that they state their intentions explicitly.

C, like any other language, has its blemishes. Some of the operators have

the wrong precedence;some parts of the syntax could be better. Nonetheless, C

has proven to be an extremely effective and expressive language for a wide

variety of programming applications.

The book is organized as follows. Chapter 1 is a tutorial on the central part

of C. The purpose is to get the reader started as quickly as possible, since we

believe strongly that the way to learn a new language is to write programs in it.

The tutorial does assume a working knowledge of the basic elements of pro-

gramming; there is no explanation of computers, of compilation, nor of the

meaning of an expressionlike

n=n+

1. Although we have tried where possibleto

show useful programming techniques, the book is not intended to be a reference

work on data structures and algorithms; when forced to make a choice, we have

Concentratedon the language.

THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

tells the compiler to include information about the standard input/output

library; this line appears at the beginning of many C source files. The standard

library is described in Chapter 7 and Appendix B.

One method of communicating data between functions is for the calling

function to provide a list of values, called arguments, to the function it calls.

The parentheses after the function name surround the argument list. In this

it will print

hello, world

On other systems, the rules will be different; check with a local expert.

Now for some explanations about the program itself. A

program, what-

ever its .size, consists of functions and variables. A function contains state-

ments that specify the computing operations to be done, and variables store

values used during the computation. C functions are like the subroutines and

functions of Fortran or the procedures and functions of Pascal. Our example is

a function named.

main.

Normally you are at liberty to give functions whatever

names you like, but

"main"

is special-your program begins executing at the

beginning of

main.

This means that every program must have a

main

some-

where.

main

will usually call other functions to help perform its job, some that you

wrote, and others from libraries that are provided for you. The first line of the

program,

#include <stdio.h>

If you haven't botched anything, such as omitting a character or misspelling

something,the compilation will proceed silently, and make an executable file

called

a. out.

you run

a. out

by typing the command

a.out

}

Just how to run this program depends on the system you are using. As

specificexample, on the UNIX operating system you must create the program in

a file whose name ends in ". c", such as

hello.

c, then compile it with the

command

cc hello.c

printf("hello, world\n");

maine )

{

text somewhere,compile it successfully,load it, run it, and find out where your

output went. With these mechanical details mastered, everything else is com-

paratively easy.

In C, the program to print

"hello, world"

#include <stdio.h>

CHAPTER 16 A TUTORIAL INTRODUCTION

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C程序设计语言（第二版）- Brian W. Kernighan & Dennis M. Ritchie

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