Linux下C++开源数据处理软件ROOT Users Guide

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"Linux下的数据处理软件包ROOT的用户指南5.24版，发布于2009年6月，由ROOT团队编写，编辑包括Ilka Antcheva、Olivier Couet等。特别感谢Nick West（牛津大学）、Elaine Lyons、Suzanne Panacek（FNAL）和Andrey Kubarovsky对指南的贡献。该软件包是开源的，以C++为基础，专为科学编程设计，尤其擅长数据分析和可视化。" 在Linux操作系统中，ROOT是一个强大的数据处理软件包，它被广泛应用于粒子物理学、天体物理学和其他需要高效数据管理和分析的科学领域。ROOT的核心特性包括： 1. **对象导向编程**：ROOT是用C++编写的，支持面向对象编程，这使得代码结构清晰，易于维护和扩展。 2. **模板功能**：早期版本中，ROOT利用了C++的模板特性来提高代码的灵活性和效率，尽管在特定平台和编译器上遇到了挑战，但最终开发出了一个无需模板且性能更优的版本。 3. **高效的数据存储和检索**：ROOT提供了高效的数据结构，如I/O系统，用于存储和检索大量数据，这对于高能物理实验的数据处理至关重要。 4. **统计分析**：ROOT内置了丰富的统计分析工具，包括直方图、图形和拟合函数，方便科学家进行数据分析和结果可视化。 5. **多平台兼容性**：虽然在最初开发时遇到了只在一个特定平台和编译器上运行的问题，但经过优化，ROOT现在已经可以在多个操作系统和硬件配置上运行，体现了其跨平台的能力。 6. **用户界面和图形界面**：ROOT提供了TBrowser，一个交互式的图形界面，用户可以通过它浏览、操作和分析数据，增强了用户体验。 7. **网络和并行计算**：ROOT支持网络功能，允许分布式处理和并行计算，这在处理大数据集时非常有用。 8. **社区支持和持续发展**：作为开源项目，ROOT有一个活跃的开发者社区，不断更新和完善软件，解决新出现的问题，并添加新功能。 9. **文档和教程**：《ROOT用户指南》是学习和使用ROOT的重要参考资料，包含了详细的教程和示例，帮助用户快速上手。 10. **应用领域**：除了基础科学研究，ROOT也被广泛应用于金融建模、生物信息学等领域，展现了其在复杂数据处理方面的通用性。通过ROOT，科研人员可以构建复杂的分析流程，处理和可视化海量数据，从而推动科学发现。这个开源软件包的持续发展和广泛采用证明了其在数据处理领域的价值和影响力。

xiv Table of Contents

Qt-ROOT Implementation of TVirtualX Interface (BNL) ....................... 423

Installation .................................................................................. 423

Applications ................................................................................ 424

TQtWidget Class, Qt Signals / Slots and TCanvas Interface ...... 429

GSI QtROOT ............................................................................................ 430

Create a New Project in the Designer ......................................... 431

main() ......................................................................................... 432

27 Automatic HTML Documentation 433

Reference Guide ....................................................................................... 433

Product and Module Documentation .......................................... 433

Converting Sources (and Other Files) to HTML ...................................... 434

Special Documentation Elements: Directives ........................................... 434

Latex Directive ........................................................................... 434

Macro Directive .......................................................................... 435

Customizing HTML .................................................................................. 435

Referencing Documentation for other Libraries ......................... 435

Search Engine ............................................................................. 435

ViewCVS .................................................................................... 435

Wiki Pages .................................................................................. 435

Tutorial ..................................................................................................... 436

28 Appendix A: Install and Build ROOT 437

ROOT Copyright and Licensing Agreement: ........................................... 437

Installing ROOT ....................................................................................... 437

Choosing a Version ................................................................................... 437

Installing Precompiled Binaries ................................................................ 438

Installing the Source ................................................................................. 438

Installing and Building the Source from a Compressed File ...... 438

More Build Options .................................................................... 438

File system.rootrc...................................................................................... 439

TCanvas Specific Settings .......................................................... 440

THtml Specific Settings.............................................................. 441

GUI Specific Settings ................................................................. 442

TBrowser Settings ...................................................................... 443

TRint Specific Settings ............................................................... 443

ACLiC Specific Settings ............................................................ 443

PROOF Related Variables .......................................................... 443

Documentation to Download .................................................................... 446

29 Index 447

Table of Figures xv

Table of Figures

Figure 1-1 ROOT framework directories .................................................................... 4

Figure 1-2 ROOT libraries dependencies .................................................................... 5

Figure 2-1 A canvas with drawing ............................................................................ 11

Figure 2-2 A context menu ....................................................................................... 15

Figure 2-3 The SaveAs... dialog ................................................................................ 16

Figure 3-1 The class hierarchy of histogram classes ................................................. 23

Figure 3-2 The "E1" bars' option ............................................................................... 29

Figure 3-3 Different draw options ............................................................................. 30

Figure 3-4 The TEXT option .................................................................................... 30

Figure 3-5 Different contour options ........................................................................ 31

Figure 3-6 The earth.C macro output ................................................................... 31

Figure 3-7 "LEGO" and "SURF" options ................................................................. 32

Figure 3-8 Different surface options ......................................................................... 32

Figure 3-9 Vertical bar charts.................................................................................... 33

Figure 3-10 Horizontal bar charts ............................................................................. 33

Figure 3-11 The picture produced by spectrumpainter.C macro ............................... 36

Figure 3-12 The picture produced by fit2a.C macro ................................................. 36

Figure 3-13 Superimposed histograms with different scales ..................................... 37

Figure 3-14 Histograms with alphanumeric bin labels .............................................. 40

Figure 3-15 Using a *char variable type in TTree::Draw ......................................... 41

Figure 3-16 Stacked histograms ................................................................................ 42

Figure 3-17 A profile histogram example ................................................................. 44

Figure 3-18 A TProfile2D histogram example .......................................................... 45

Figure 3-19 Iso surfaces ............................................................................................ 45

Figure 3-20 3D implicit function .............................................................................. 46

Figure 3-21 The picture generated by tutorial macro piechart.C............................... 47

Figure 4-1 A graph drawn with axis, * markers and continuous line (option AC*).. 51

Figure 4-2 A graph drawn with axis and bar (option AB)......................................... 52

Figure 4-3 A graph drawn with axis and fill (option AF) ......................................... 52

Figure 4-4 Graph markers created in different ways ................................................. 53

Figure 4-5 Superimposing two graphs ...................................................................... 54

Figure 4-6 Graphs with different draw options of error bars .................................... 54

Figure 4-7 A graph with asymmetric error bars ........................................................ 55

Figure 4-8 A graph with asymmetric bent error bars ................................................ 56

Figure 4-9 A polar graph ........................................................................................... 57

Figure 4-10 Graphs with exclusion zones ................................................................. 58

Figure 4-11 Examples of qq-plots of 2 datasets ........................................................ 59

Figure 4-12 Examples of qq-plots of 1 dataset .......................................................... 59

Figure 4-13 A multigraph example ........................................................................... 60

Figure 4-14 Delaunay triangles and Voronoi diagram .............................................. 60

Figure 4-15 Graph2D drawn with option "surfl" and "tril p0" .................................. 61

Figure 4-16 Output of macro graph2dfit.C ............................................................... 62

Figure 4-17 A graph with axis titles .......................................................................... 63

Figure 4-18 A zoomed graph .................................................................................... 63

Figure 5-1 The function x*sin(x) ......................................................................... 66

Figure 5-2 Fitting a histogram with several Gaussian functions ............................... 69

Figure 5-3 The output of the FittingDemo() example ............................................... 71

Figure 5-4 The neural net output ............................................................................... 79

Figure 5-5 The original and the neural net for Br ..................................................... 79

Figure 7-1 ROOT object inspector of TFile .............................................................. 92

Figure 7-2 The object inspector of fKeys, the list of keys in the memory .............. 92

Figure 8-1 The ROOT Object Browser ................................................................... 102

Figure 9-1 Context menus of different objects in a canvas ..................................... 106

Figure 9-2 A histogram drawn in a pad ................................................................... 109

Figure 9-3 Pad coordinate systems .......................................................................... 110

Figure 9-4 The status bar ......................................................................................... 110

Figure 9-5 Dividing a pad into 6 sub-pads .............................................................. 112

xvi Table of Figures

Figure 9-6 Different arrow formats ......................................................................... 114

Figure 9-7 Different types of ellipses ...................................................................... 114

Figure 9-8 A rectangle with a border ...................................................................... 115

Figure 9-9 Markers .................................................................................................. 115

Figure 9-10 Different marker sizes ......................................................................... 115

Figure 9-11 The use of non-symmetric markers ..................................................... 116

Figure 9-12 The picture generated by the tutorial macro feynman.C ...................... 116

Figure 9-13 The picture generated by the tutorial macro latex.C ............................ 119

Figure 9-14 The picture generated by the tutorial macro latex2.C .......................... 120

Figure 9-15 The picture generated by the tutorial macro latex3.C .......................... 120

Figure 9-16 PaveLabels drawn with different options ....................................... 121

Figure 9-17 PaveText examples .............................................................................. 121

Figure 9-18 A PaveText example ............................................................................ 121

Figure 9-19 Y-axis with and without exponent labels ............................................. 124

Figure 9-20 Time axis examples ............................................................................. 126

Figure 9-21 A histogram with time axis X .............................................................. 127

Figure 9-22 The first axis example ......................................................................... 128

Figure 9-23 The second axis example ..................................................................... 129

Figure 9-24 An axis example with time display ...................................................... 129

Figure 9-25 Font’s examples ................................................................................... 131

Figure 9-26 The various patterns ............................................................................ 133

Figure 9-27 The basic ROOT colors ....................................................................... 134

Figure 9-28 Diferent draw options .......................................................................... 136

Figure 9-29 A legend example ................................................................................ 138

Figure 9-30 Invoking external 3D viewers from canvas menus .............................. 143

Figure 9-31 The GL 3D Viewer .............................................................................. 144

Figure 9-32 GL Viewer camera interactions ........................................................... 145

Figure 9-33 GL Viewer draw styles ........................................................................ 146

Figure 9-34 GL Viewer interactive box clipping .................................................... 146

Figure 9-35 GL Viewer object manipulators .......................................................... 147

Figure 9-36 Overview of 3D viewer architecture .................................................... 150

Figure 9-37 TBuffer3D class hierarchy................................................................... 151

Figure 10-1 Tasks in the ROOT browser ................................................................ 158

Figure 11-1 The browser with 15 created histograms ............................................. 159

Figure 11-2 ROOT File/Directory/Key description ................................................ 164

Figure 11-3 The structure of TFile .......................................................................... 165

Figure 11-4 The file before and after the call to Write ......................................... 167

Figure 11-5 Compression and precision of Double32_t .......................................... 173

Figure 11-6 A diagram of a streamed TH1F in the buffer ....................................... 174

Figure 11-7 Streaming object pointers .................................................................... 175

Figure 11-8 The ROOT schema evolution .............................................................. 178

Figure 11-9 The schema evolution for objects written on disk and in memory ...... 179

Figure 12-1 Activating the tree viewer.................................................................... 191

Figure 12-2 The TreeViewer ................................................................................... 191

Figure 12-3 A couple of graphs............................................................................... 192

Figure 12-4 The TTree class ................................................................................... 193

Figure 12-5 The tree1.root file and its tree in the browser ...................................... 200

Figure 12-6 A leaf histogram .................................................................................. 200

Figure 12-7 The tree viewer .................................................................................... 201

Figure 12-8 The tree viewer with tree4 example..................................................... 212

Figure 12-9 Using draw options in trees ................................................................. 215

Figure 13-1 Math libraries and packages ................................................................ 233

Figure 13-2 PDF, CDF and quantiles in the case of the normal distribution .......... 250

Figure 14-1 Overview of matrix classes.................................................................. 257

Figure 14-2 Speed comparison between the different matrix packages .................. 270

Figure 16-1 The inheritance hierarchy of the primary collection classes ................ 284

Figure 16-2 The internal data structure of a TList .................................................. 287

Figure 16-3 The internal data structure of a TObjArray ......................................... 288

Figure 16-4 The internal data structure of a TClonesArray ................................... 288

Figure 18-1Concentration of C14 derived elements ............................................... 304

Figure 18-2 Concentracion of elements derived fromCa53+Sr78 ........................... 304

Figure 18-3 Primitive Shapes - the general inheritance scheme.............................. 305

Figure 18-4 TGeoBBox class .................................................................................. 306

Table of Figures xvii

Figure 18-5 TGeoPara class .................................................................................... 306

Figure 18-6 TGeoTrd1 class ................................................................................... 307

Figure 18-7 TGeoTrd2 class ................................................................................... 307

Figure 18-8 TGeoTrap Class ................................................................................... 307

Figure 18-9 TGeoGtra class .................................................................................... 308

Figure 18-10 TGeoArb8 class ................................................................................. 308

Figure 18-11 TGeoTube Class ................................................................................ 309

Figure 18-12 TGeoTubeSeg Class .......................................................................... 309

Figure 18-13 TGeoCtub Class ................................................................................ 309

Figure 18-14 TGeoEltu Class .................................................................................. 310

Figure 18-15 TGeoHype Class ................................................................................ 310

Figure 18-16 TGeoCone Class ................................................................................ 311

Figure 18-17 TGeoConeSeg Class .......................................................................... 311

Figure 18-18 TGeoSphere Class ............................................................................. 311

Figure 18-19 TGeoTorus Class ............................................................................... 312

Figure 18-20 TGeoParaboloid Class ....................................................................... 312

Figure 18-21 TGeoPcon Class ................................................................................ 313

Figure 18-22 TGeoPgon Class ................................................................................ 313

Figure 18-23 TGeoXtru Class ................................................................................. 314

Figure 18-24 The composite shapes structure ......................................................... 315

Figure 18-25 Representation of A+B+C ................................................................. 315

Figure 18-26 Internal representation for composite shapes ..................................... 316

Figure 18-27 A composite shape example .............................................................. 317

Figure 18-28 A geometry hierarchy in memory ...................................................... 319

Figure 18-29 Assemblies of volumes ...................................................................... 326

Figure 18-30 Extruding volumes ............................................................................. 335

Figure 18-31 Overlap checking ............................................................................... 336

Figure 18-32 Safety computation checking ............................................................. 336

Figure 18-33 Random points ................................................................................... 337

Figure 18-34 Random rays ...................................................................................... 337

Figure 18-35 Ray-traced view in a pad ................................................................... 339

Figure 18-36 Ray-tracing example with box-clipping ............................................ 339

Figure 18-37 Navigation in the geometry hierarchy ............................................... 342

Figure 18-38 Finding the location of a point in the geometry hierarchy ................. 343

Figure 18-39 Finding the distance to the next crossed boundary ............................ 344

Figure 18-40 The geometry manager editor ............................................................ 346

Figure 18-41 Accessing/creating different categories of editable objects ............... 346

Figure 18-42 Selection dialogs for different TGeo objects ..................................... 347

Figure 18-43 Editors for shapes, materials, media, matrices ................................... 347

Figure 18-44 Setting volume properties and modifying volume hierarchy ............. 348

Figure 18-45 Volume visualisation settings and division interface for volumes .... 348

Figure 20-1 Native GUI widgets ............................................................................. 370

Figure 22-1 Server - Client setting-up and closing the connection ......................... 378

Figure 24-1 The Multi-tier structure of a PROOF cluster ....................................... 387

Figure 25-1 Widgets created by ROOT GUI classes .............................................. 395

Figure 25-2 The GUI classes hierarchy ................................................................... 396

Figure 25-3 The layout classes hierarchy ................................................................ 399

Figure 25-4 Histogram, pad and axis editors .......................................................... 418

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