Channel Estimation Analysis in MIMO-OFDM
Wireless Systems
R.S.Ganesh Dr J.Jayakumari Akhila I.P
Assistant Professor,Dept of ECE Professor,Dept of ECE PG Scholar, Dept of ECE
Noorul Islam University Noorul Islam University Noorul Islam University
Kumaracoil,Thuckalay,India. Kumaracoil,Thuckalay,India Kumaracoil,Thuckalay,India
r_s_ganesh@rediffmail.com hellojayakumari@rediffmail.com Akhilaip@rediffmail.com
Abstract-In modern wireless communication systems, a combination
of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with the
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique can
be used to achieve high data rate and &better spectral efficiency. A
Channel estimation technique using pilot carriers for multiple input
multiple output( MIMO) systems for a Rayleigh fading channel is
proposed in this paper. The channel estimation is carried out with
conventional Least Square (LS) and Minimum Mean Square
(MMSE) estimation algorithms. The performance of MIMO-OFDM
system is evaluated on the basis of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Mean
Square Error (MSE) level.
Keywords- MIMO-OFDM , Channel Estimation, Pilot carriers,
Minimum Mean square error.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mobile communication systems transmit bits of
information via changes in amplitude and phase of radio waves.
In the receiving side of mobile system ,amplitude or phase can
vary dramatically. This results in degradation of system quality
since the performance of receiver is highly dependent on the
accuracy of estimated instantaneous channel . So channel
estimation technique is introduced to improve accuracy of the
received signal. The radio channels in mobile communication
systems are usually multi path fading channels, which are
causing inter symbol interference(ISI) in the received signal.
To remove ISI from the signal, many kind of detection
algorithms are used at the receiver side. These detectors should
have the knowledge on channel impulse response(CIR) which
can be provided by separate channel estimator. The channel
estimation is based on the known sequence of bits which is
unique for certain transmitter and which is repeated in every
transmission burst. Thus the channel estimator is able to
estimate channel impulse response for each burst separately
from the known transmitted bits and corresponding received
samples.
OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) is a multi-carrier modulation technique which is
used to transmit high rate data stream through wireless
medium. It divides the high-rate data stream into parallel lower
rate data streams which are transmitted simultaneously over a
number of separate subcarriers. This technique is also used to
eliminate Inter Symbol Interference (ISI).
It also allows the bandwidth of sub carriers to overlap without
Inter Carrier Interference (ICI). Good spectral efficiency in
OFDM can be achieved by using special set of orthogonal carrier
frequencies.
MIMO-OFDM (multiple input multiple output- orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing) is a new wireless broad band
technology which has great capability of high rate transmission
and its robustness against multi-path fading and other channel
impairments. In MIMO system, multiple number of transmitters
at one end and multiple number of receivers at the other end are
effectively combined in such a way to improve the channel
capacity This technology can improve the spectrum efficiency,
reliability& coverage. Space time block coding is used to
transmit & receive multiple number of a data stream across a
number of antennas at the transmitter and receiver to improve
reliability of data transfer. The one of the main challenge of
MIMO-OFDM systems is how to obtain the channel state
information accurately for coherent detection of information
symbols. The channel state information can be obtained through
different types of estimation algorithms such as training based,
blind and semi blind channel Estimation.
The blind channel estimation is carried out by evaluating the
statistical information of the channel and particular properties of
the transmitted signals. This estimation has no overhead loss and
it is only suitable for slowly time-varying channels. But in
training based channel estimation, training symbols or pilot tones
that are known to the receiver, are multiplexed along with the
data stream for channel estimation. The Semi-blind channel
estimation algorithm is a hybrid combination of blind channel
estimation & and training based channel estimation which utilizes
pilot carriers and other natural constraints to perform channel
estimation.
The training-based channel estimation can be performed by
either block type pilots or comb type pilots. In block type pilot
estimation, pilot tones are inserted into all frequency bins within
the periodic intervals of OFDM blocks.
This estimation is suitable for slow fading channels. But in
comb type pilot estimation, pilot tones are inserted into each
OFDM symbol with a specific period of frequency bins. This
channel estimation is suitable where the changes even in one
OFDM block. The comb-type pilot channel estimation consists of
algorithms to estimate the channel at pilot frequencies and
Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Computing and Networking Technologies (ICSCCN 2011)
978-1-61284-653-8/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE