入门DirectX11游戏编程

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" Beginning DirectX11 Game Programming - 由Allen Sherrod和Wendy Jones撰写，是Course Technology PTR出版的一部分，属于Cengage Learning集团。本书旨在引导初学者进入DirectX11游戏编程的世界，覆盖了DirectX11 API的使用、图形编程基础以及游戏开发的关键概念。" 在"Beginning DirectX11 Game Programming"这本书中，作者们深入浅出地介绍了DirectX11这一强大的图形库，它是微软为Windows平台设计的用于游戏开发、多媒体应用的核心技术。DirectX11提供了一系列API，允许开发者创建高保真度的3D图形、音频效果，并处理低级硬件访问，以实现高效的游戏性能。首先，书中的内容可能包括DirectX11的基础知识，如设置开发环境、理解DirectX架构，以及如何安装和配置必要的工具，如Visual Studio和DirectX SDK。此外，还会讲解如何创建基本的DirectX应用程序，包括初始化DirectX上下文、窗口管理和设备创建。在图形编程方面，作者可能会详细介绍Direct3D，这是DirectX11的重要组成部分，用于处理3D图形渲染。这涵盖了顶点缓冲、索引缓冲、着色器模型（如Vertex Shader、Pixel Shader）、纹理映射、深度缓冲等概念。通过这些，读者可以学习如何构建3D场景，实现光照、阴影、反射等视觉效果。除此之外，游戏编程的其他关键元素也会得到讨论，如输入处理（键盘、鼠标、游戏手柄等）、时间管理、动画和物理模拟。书中的例子和练习将帮助读者理解和实践这些概念，以便于实际项目开发。在技术审查方面，Wendy Jones作为技术审阅者，她的参与确保了书中内容的准确性和实用性。此外，该书的排版和设计也经过专业团队的精心处理，使得内容更易阅读和理解。 "Beginning DirectX11 Game Programming"是一本针对初学者的教程，旨在帮助读者掌握DirectX11的基本概念和技术，逐步建立起自己的3D游戏开发能力。通过学习此书，读者可以了解到游戏开发的核心技术和流程，为进一步深入学习和开发复杂游戏打下坚实基础。

hardware, and a powerful API that was being hyped by one of the most

influential software giants in the world.

The most apparent removal in Direct3D 10 was the fixed-function pipeline,

which is essentially a set of rendering states and algorithms built into the API

that allowed for the rendering of objects using common effects. The fixed-

function pipeline was removed in favor of programmable shaders within

graphics hardware. Graphics shaders, which will be discussed throughout this

book, are code written specifically to customize how the graphics hardware

processes geometry. Graphics shaders were first introduced in DirectX 8, but

since then graphics hardware and the Shader Models that they run have evolved

to a point where they have become the star of the API.

In Direct3D 9 we can render geometry, enable lighting by setting a few

properties and rendering states, have the API transform our geometry, and so

forth by calling a few Direct3D function calls. In Direct3D 10 we can do all of

that ourselves and much more in shaders. The key thing for beginners to keep in

mind if this is their first time learning graphics programming is that the fixed-

function pipeline was limited to whatever was built into the API, whereas

shaders allow us to create any effect, limited only by the frame-rate we deem

desirable in our games . Want lighting? Call a Direct3D function to enable it and

set its properties (up to eight lights). Want to render surfaces with more than

one image? Just enable it. If, however, you wish to perform pixel-based motion

blur and depth-of-field, you are out of luck using the fixed-function pipeline.

Often if the fixed-function pipeline does not explicitly support it and you are not

using shaders, you cannot create the effect you want. Although some coders

have found tricks and workarounds to getting some effects created without

shaders, it was often a very difficult and inefficient workaround. I remember

these times well and do not miss them.

Today, if we want to perform bump mapping, we can write a pixel shader that

takes the light direction, performs a calculation using it and the pixel-level

surface direction loaded from a special image known as a normal map, and

combine that with the shading of the final pixel’s color. In the days before

shaders, or even when shaders were limited in the features they provided (such

as the dark ages of register combiners for early versions of OpenGL), this was

impossible, and doing even simple effects like normal mapping back then was

What Is DirectX? 3

DirectX 11 versus OpenGL 4.0

OpenGL has long been considered a rival graphics API to Direct3D. OpenGL

supports platforms outside of Windows-based operating systems, such as Mac

computers, Linux OSs, Apple’s iPhone and iPad, Sony’s Playstation 3 (an

implementation at least), and a variety of mobile devices such as cell phones

and PDAs, along with other platforms. Although the native device creation of

OpenGL can differ from one platform to another, the rest of the API is

considered platform independent, not including the long history of hardware-

specific extensions and feature s from competing entities within the OpenGL

camp. DirectX, on the other hand, is available on the various Windows OSs and

the Xbox game consoles. To be considered DirectX 10 or 11 compatible,

hardware must adhere to a strict compatibility list, whereas prior to DirectX

10 this was not always the case. In the case of OpenGL this often led to vendor-

specific extensions that worked on limited hardware. Incompatibilities within

the hardware market caused rework when trying to achieve the same result on

all supported devices.

The whole Direct3D versus OpenGL debate can often seem like a religious one,

but the fact is that for many years OpenGL has lagged behind Direct3D.

Microsoft has done a great job evolving Direct3D and improving it throughout

the years, but OpenGL has only lagged behind, not keeping its promises as each

new version is released, and time and time again has suffered from the same

problems of yesteryear. When OpenGL 3.0 was first announced, it was thought

that OpenGL would finally move back into a position to rival Direct3D.

Unfortunately, the world of OpenGL has gone through its share of ups and

downs, both within the group behind it and with how the API stacked against

Direct3D, and Direct3D has continued to dominate.

OpenGL 4.0 catches up to many of the publicized features of DirectX 11, most

notably through the support of general-purpose computing using OpenCL and

tessellation, and is positioning itself to be a step closer to the promises that were

never delivered in the past, most notably with OpenGL 2.0 and OpenGL 3.0.

Although OpenGL is not out of the race yet, it unfortunately needs a lot of work

to not only truly rival DirectX but also to win back the hearts and minds of

many of us who turned to Direct3D once OpenGL’s faults became too

numerous. Even if the API catches up, the graphics API race is a lot like high

school where the popular kid wins the election.

What Is DirectX? 5

Why Is DirectX Needed?

Before the release of the Windows operating system, developers were writing

games for DOS. This single-threaded, non-GUI operating system provided

developers with a direct path between their application code and the hardware

it was running on. This had both its advantages and problems. For instance,

because there was a direct path between the game code and the hardware,

developers could pull every ounce of power out of the machine, giving them

complete control over how their game performed. The downside included the

need to either write directly to the hardware or use a variety of third-party

libraries for any hardware they wanted their game title to support, including

even common hardware such as video and sound cards.

Video cards were especially confusing because not all video cards followed the

same standard. Even though most video cards supported a series of common

resolutions, developers were forced to access video memory directly. This made

even drawing to the screen difficult. Developers were definitely looking for a

better and easier way.

When Windows 3.1 was released, it carried with it the same limitations that

DOS had. Since Windows ran on top of DOS, it severely limited the resources

available to games and took away the direct access developers had enjoyed for so

long. Most games written to support Windows at the time consisted mainly of

card and board games, while most games continued to support DOS only.

Microsoft released DX1 as a way of enticing developers to make games for

Windows to prove that the OS wasn’t slow and move people away from DOS-

based systems.

Microsoft’s release of Windows 95 didn’t eliminate any of these problems until

the release of DirectX 1, also known as the Windows Games SDK. It gave

developers a single library to write to, placing a common layer between their

game and the PC hardware; drawing graphics to the screen had just become a

whole lot easier. The first version of DirectX still didn ’t provide support for all

the hardware out there, but it was a great starting point in giving game

developers what they had been waiting for. Over the years, there have been

multiple releases of DirectX, each one improving and adding support for new

technologies such as network play, streaming audio, and new kinds of input

6 Chapter 1

The What, Why, and How of DirectX

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