Pro.NET框架与Base Class Library：虚拟执行系统与通用类型系统详解

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《Pro.NET Framework与Base Class Library：理解虚拟执行系统与通用类型系统》是一本由Roger Villela撰写的深入讲解.NET框架核心概念和技术的专业书籍。这本书于2019年发布，旨在帮助读者掌握Pro.NET Framework在开发过程中的关键应用，特别是通过剖析Base Class Library（基础类库）的核心特性。 Base Class Library是.NET框架的核心组成部分，它提供了一系列预先定义的类和接口，用于简化编程任务，减少代码重复，并促进组件间的互操作性。它包括了诸如集合、数据结构、IO操作、网络编程、线程管理和异常处理等广泛领域的基础类，为开发者提供了丰富的工具箱。在本书中，作者重点介绍了虚拟执行系统（Virtual Execution System），这是一个关键概念，它使得.NET代码能够在多种平台上以二进制形式运行，实现了跨平台兼容性。通过虚拟执行环境，.NET应用程序可以在没有重新编译的情况下在不同的操作系统上运行，这是.NET框架的核心优势之一。另一方面，通用类型系统（Common Type System，CTS）是.NET框架的另一个核心要素，它定义了一种标准的方式来表示和处理所有.NET语言中的数据类型。这使得不同.NET语言之间能够共享相同的类型信息，促进了代码的互操作性和可重用性。书中详细解释了如何利用这些类型系统来编写高度可维护和跨语言的代码。作者Roger Villela通过丰富的示例和深入的理论分析，引导读者探索和理解这些底层技术的工作原理，以及如何有效地在实际项目中运用Base Class Library，优化开发流程，提升代码质量。此外，该书还包含了版权信息，声明所有权利归Roger Villela所有，并强调了对于知识产权的尊重和保护。《Pro.NET Framework with the Base Class Library》不仅适合.NET开发人员进一步理解框架内部机制，也对希望提升.NET编程技能和跨平台开发经验的读者具有很高的价值。通过阅读此书，读者将能够深化对.NET框架的理解，并在实际工作中更好地利用其提供的强大功能。

When you write code using some programming language that adheres to the CLI

specification, the result of the compiled code is a sequence of instructions of the CIL

instruction set. These instructions are not for the hardware or processor; they are for a

virtual environment. The instructions include some characteristics and functionalities

of the elements in a real computer, which is exactly what the resources in the CLI

specification describe. These CIL instructions are known as intermediate. A virtual

environment includes specialized aspects based on what an advanced operating system

has, such as advanced security rules, mechanisms to constantly observe our own

environment, and ways to guarantee data integrity based on more flexible or disciplined

rules. It also includes the ability to recognize contextuality and be dynamically extensible

and expandable, interacting with different and specialized environments such as data

management systems, development system, and other platforms. Finally, a virtual

environment is capable of being a host and of being hosted by other environments.

We must be aware that by default Microsoft Visual Studio does not includes C++/

CLI extensions as part of the installed Microsoft Visual C++ features. We should check

our installation and include the support to C++/CLI to run the sample code in this book,

which uses C++/CLI examples. In Listing 1-1, the sample code in C++/CLI creates an

instance of the string reference type using an unmanaged buffer as the source. This

sample code has managed code and unmanaged code.

Listing 1-1. C++/CLI Sample Code Using the Namespace System

void wmain( ) {

constexpr char16_t* unmanagedBuffer { u"From unmanaged to managed!!!" };

String^ managedBuffer { gcnew String( ( ( wchar_t* ) unmanagedBuffer ) ) };

Console::WriteLine( "Value: {0}", managedBuffer );

Console::ReadLine( );

return;

};

Listing 1-2 shows an example of a sequence of CIL code generated from the C++/CLI

sample code in Listing 1-1.All highlighted items are examples of CIL instructions.

Chapter 1 the .Net Framework

At this point, we understand that the CLI specification describes the CTS group,

the Metadata group, the CLS and VES groups, and the CLI itself. So, what part of the

managed environment is responsible for running the managed code?

About the Common Language Runtime

The Common Language Runtime, as the name suggests, is an implementation based

on the CLI specification. This means it is an implementation of the Common Language

Runtime that adheres to the concepts, architecture, and structural elements of what is

specified in the CLI specification. Remember, in this book, we are using the Microsoft

implementation of the CLR for the sample projects and code. So, whenever we mention

CLR, this means Microsoft .NET 4.0 or newer running on Microsoft Windows 10 or newer.

The sample projects for the .NET Framework and their sample managed code

assumes the CLR platform version 4.0 (v4.0.30319) as a minimum. We are using the .NET

Framework 4.7.2 for the Microsoft Visual Studio sample projects. If we need to download

a .NET Framework SDK from version 3.5 SP1 until version 4.7.2, we can find it on this

official Microsoft download page:

• www.microsoft.com/net/download/visual-studio-sdks

All technologies and their functionalities covered are orthogonal features of the

platform infrastructure. In the specific case of the CLR platform, sample projects are

always based on the latest version (RTM) of the platform and tools available at the time

of this writing. In this case, that includes Microsoft Visual Studio 2017 15.8.2, the .NET

Framework SDK 4.7.2, and their respective runtime versions. The sample projects were

created and tested on Microsoft Windows 10 April 2018 Update (aka 1803). If any sample

project or explanation requires a specific version of a runtime, tool, development tool,

operating system, programming language, or any related resource, this is explicitly

explained.

Why are we using the .NET Framework 4.0? This version is mature and incorporates

technologies that extend the capabilities and flexibility of any platform-based

applications. An example is the Managed Extensibility Framework (MEF). MEF provides

the ability to build models by expanding the functionality of an application already

installed in the environment, without having to rewrite the application. This model

is defined as an extension. Microsoft Visual Studio uses this technology to expand the

functionalities of Microsoft Visual Studio 2017 and Microsoft Visual Studio 2015, for

example.

Chapter 1 the .Net Framework

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