Python编程入门经典：1st Edition（2002）

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"Python - How to Program, 1e (2002).pdf" 是一本详细介绍Python编程的书籍，涵盖了从基础知识到高级特性的全面教程。书中包括了29章内容以及多个附录，旨在帮助读者从零基础开始学习Python编程，并逐渐深入到网络、数据库、多线程和安全等领域。 1. **计算机、互联网与万维网**：这部分内容可能介绍计算机的基本概念，互联网的工作原理，以及如何通过Python进行网页交互。 2. **Python编程入门**：介绍Python的基础语法，如变量、数据类型、运算符等，帮助初学者掌握编程的基本元素。 3. **控制结构**：讲解if语句、for循环、while循环等逻辑控制，以及条件表达式和循环控制。 4. **函数**：介绍如何定义和使用函数，包括参数传递、局部和全局变量、函数返回值等。 5. **元组、列表和字典**：深入理解Python的内置数据结构，如何创建、操作和管理这些集合类型。 6. **CGI（通用网关接口）**：学习如何使用Python编写CGI脚本，以实现与Web服务器的交互，处理用户请求。 7. **面向对象编程：类与数据抽象**：介绍Python的面向对象特性，如类的定义、对象的创建、封装和数据抽象。 8. **继承与多态**：深入探讨面向对象编程的两大核心概念，如何通过继承扩展类的功能，以及如何利用多态性提高代码的灵活性。 9. **运算符重载**：解释如何在Python中自定义运算符行为，以适应特定的数据类型。 10. **图形用户界面组件**：分两部分介绍如何用Python创建GUI应用，包括各种控件的使用和事件处理。 11. **异常处理**：学习Python的错误和异常处理机制，如何编写健壮的代码来捕获和处理运行时问题。 12. **字符串处理和正则表达式**：介绍Python的字符串操作以及正则表达式，用于文本匹配和处理。 13. **文件处理与序列化**：学习如何读写文件，以及如何将数据序列化为可存储和传输的格式。 14. **XML（可扩展标记语言）**：介绍XML的基本概念和Python中的XML处理库，用于数据交换和文档存储。 15. **Python的XML处理**：详细讲解如何使用Python解析和生成XML文档。 16. **Python数据库应用编程接口（DB-API）**：介绍Python标准库中的DB-API，用于连接和操作各种关系型数据库。 17. **进程管理**：讨论进程的概念，以及如何在Python中创建和管理进程。 18. **多线程**：讲解Python的多线程编程，如何在单个程序中同时执行多个任务。 19. **网络编程**：介绍如何使用Python进行网络通信，如TCP/IP、UDP等网络协议的实现。 20. **安全**：讨论网络安全问题，包括加密、认证和授权等，以及如何在Python中实现安全措施。 21. **数据结构**：更深入地探讨Python中的高级数据结构，如堆栈、队列、树等。 22. **案例研究：多层在线书店**：通过实际项目展示如何综合运用所学知识，构建一个完整的多层架构应用程序。 23. **多媒体**：可能涉及如何使用Python处理音频、视频等多媒体文件。 24. **无障碍性**：介绍如何使Python程序对残障人士友好，遵循无障碍设计原则。 25. **附录**：提供了Python运算符优先级图表、ASCII字符集、数字系统以及开发环境、资源、职业机会等附加信息。这本书全面覆盖了Python编程的各个方面，适合初学者和有一定经验的开发者作为参考和提升。通过学习，读者不仅可以掌握Python编程基础，还能了解到更高级的应用领域。

14 Introduction to Computers, Internet and World Wide Web Chapter 1

nature of most commercial software and programmers’ frustrations with the lack of respon-

siveness from closed-source vendors, open-source software, regained popularity. Today,

Python is part of a growing open-source software community, which includes the Linux

operating system, the Perl scripting language, the Apache Web server and hundreds of

other software projects.

Some people in the computer industry equate open-source with “free” software. In most

cases, this is true. However, “free” in the context of open-source software is thought of most

appropriately as “freedom”—the freedom for any developer to modify source code, to

exchanges ideas, to participate in the software-development process and to develop new

software programs based on existing open-source software. Most open-source software is

copyrighted and licenses are associated with the use of the software. Open-source licenses

vary in their terms; some impose few restrictions (e.g., the Artistic license

), whereas others

require many restrictions on the manner in which the software may be modified and used.

Usually, either an individual developer or an organization maintains the software copyrights.

To view an example of a license, visit www.python.org/2.2/license.html to read

the Python agreement.

Typically, the source code for open-source products is available for download over the

Internet. This enables developers to learn from, validate and modify the source code to meet

their own needs. With a community of developers, more people review the code so issues

such as performance and security problems are detected and resolved faster than they

would be in closed-source software development. Additionally, a larger community of

developers can contribute more features. Often, code fixes are available within hours, and

new versions of open-source software are available more frequently than are versions of

closed-source software. Open-source licenses often require that developers publish any

enhancements they make so that the open-source community can continue to evolve those

products. For example, Python developers participate in the comp.lang.python news-

group to exchange ideas regarding the development of Python. Python developers also can

document and submit their modifications to the Python Software Foundation through

Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPS), which enables the Python group to evaluate the

proposed changes and incorporate the ones they choose in future releases.

Many companies, (e.g., IBM, Red Hat and Sun) support open-source developers and

projects. Sometimes companies take open-source applications and sell them commercially

(this depends on software licensing). For-profit companies also provide services such as sup-

port, custom-made software and training. Developers can offer their services as consultants

or trainers to businesses implementing the software.

For more information about open-

source software, visit the Open Source Initiative’s Web site at www.opensource.org.

1.14 History of Python

Python began in late 1989. At that time, Guido van Rossum, a researcher at the National

Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in Amsterdam (CWI), needed a

high-level scripting language to accomplish administrative tasks for his research group’s

4. <www.opensource.org/licenses/artistic-license.html>.

5. <www.python.org>.

6. <www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/library/license.ht-

ml?dwzone=opensource>.

pythonhtp1_01.fm Page 14 Monday, December 10, 2001 12:13 PM

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, Internet and World Wide Web 15

Amoeba distributed operating system. To create this new language, he drew heavily from

All Basic Code (ABC)—a high-level teaching language—for syntax, and from Modula-3, a

systems programming language, for error-handling techniques. However, one major short-

coming of ABC was its lack of extensibility; the language was not open to improvements

or extensions. So, van Rossum decided to create a language that combined many of the el-

ements he liked from existing languages, but one that could be extended through classes

and programming interfaces. He named this language Python, after the popular comic

troupe Monty Python.

Since its public release in early 1991, a growing community of Python developers and

users have improved it to create a mature and well-supported programming language.

Python has been used to develop a variety of applications, from creating online e-mail pro-

grams to controlling underwater vehicles, configuring operating systems and creating ani-

mated films. In 2001, the core Python development team moved to Digital Creations, the

creators of Zope—a Web application server written in Python. It is expected that Python

will continue to grow and expand into new programming realms.

1.15 Python Modules

Python is a modularly extensible language; it can incorporate new modules (reusable pieces

of software). These new modules, which can be written by any Python developer, extend

Python’s capabilities. The primary distribution center for Python source code, modules and

documentation is the Python Web site—www.python.org—with plans to develop a site

dedicated solely to maintaining Python modules.

1.16 General Notes about Python and This Book

Python was designed so that novice and experienced programmers could learn and under-

stand the language quickly and use it with ease. Unlike its predecessors, Python was de-

signed to be portable and extensible. Python’s syntax and design promote good

programming practices and tend to produce surprisingly rapid development times without

sacrificing program scalability and maintenance.

Python is simple enough to be used by beginning programmers, but powerful enough

to attract professionals. Python How to Program introduces programming concepts through

abundant, complete, working examples and discussions. As we progress, we begin to

explore more complex topics by creating practical applications. Throughout the book, we

emphasize good programming practices and portability tips and explain how to avoid

common programming errors.

Python is one of the most highly portable programming languages in existence. Orig-

inally, it was implemented on UNIX, but has since spread to many other platforms,

including Microsoft Windows and Apple Mac OS X. Python programs often can be ported

from one operating system to another without any change and still execute properly.

1.17 Tour of the Book

In this section, we take a tour of the subjects introduced in Python How to Program. Some

chapters end with an Internet and World Wide Web Resources section, which lists resourc-

es that provide additional information on Python programming.

pythonhtp1_01.fm Page 15 Monday, December 10, 2001 12:13 PM

16 Introduction to Computers, Internet and World Wide Web Chapter 1

Chapter 1—Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the World Wide Web

In this chapter, we discuss what computers are, how they work and how they are pro-

grammed. The chapter introduces structured programming and explains why this set of

techniques has fostered a revolution in the way programs are written. A brief history of the

development of programming languages—from machine languages, to assembly languag-

es to high-level languages—is included. We present some historical information about

computers and computer programming and introductory information about the Internet and

the World Wide Web. We discuss the origins of the Python programming language and

overview the concepts introduced in the remaining chapters of the book.

Chapter 2—Introduction to Python Programming

Chapter 2 introduces a typical Python programming environment and the basic syntax for

writing Python programs. We discuss how to run Python from the command line. In addition

to the interpreter, Python can execute statements in an interactive mode in which Python state-

ments can be typed and executed. Throughout the chapter and the book, we include several

interactive sessions to highlight and illustrate various subtle programming points. In this

chapter, we discuss variables and introduce arithmetic, assignment, equality, relational and

string operators. We introduce decision-making and arithmetic operations. Strings are a basic

and powerful built-in data type. We introduce some standard output-formatting techniques.

We discuss the concept of objects and variables. Objects are containers for values and vari-

ables are names that reference objects. Our Python programs use syntax coloring to highlight

keywords, comments and regular program text. After studying this chapter, readers will un-

derstand how to write simple but complete Python programs.

Chapter 3—Control Structures

This chapter introduces algorithms (procedures) for solving problems. It explains the impor-

tance of using control structures effectively in producing programs that are understandable,

debuggable, maintainable and more likely to work properly on the first try. The chapter intro-

duces selection structures (if, if/else and if/elif/else) and repetition structures

(while and for). It examines repetition in detail and compares counter-controlled and sen-

tinel-controlled loops. We explain the technique of top-down, stepwise refinement which is

critical to the production of properly structured programs and the creation of the popular pro-

gram design aid, pseudocode. The chapter examples and case studies demonstrate how quick-

ly and easily pseudocode algorithms can be converted to working Python code. The chapter

contains an explanation of break and continue—statements that alter the flow of con-

trol. We show how to use the logical operators and, or and not to enable programs to

make sophisticated decisions. The chapter includes several interactive sessions that dem-

onstrate how to create a for structure and how to avoid several common programming er-

rors that arise in structured programming. The chapter concludes with a summary of

structured programming. The techniques presented in Chapter 3 are applicable for effective

use of control structures in any programming language, not just Python. This chapter helps

the student develop good programming habits in preparation for dealing with the more sub-

stantial programming tasks in the remainder of the text.

Chapter 4—Functions

Chapter 4 discusses the design and construction of functions. Python’s function-related ca-

pabilities include built-in functions, programmer-defined functions and recursion. The

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, Internet and World Wide Web 17

techniques presented in Chapter 4 are essential for creating properly structured programs—

especially the larger programs and software that system programmers and application pro-

grammers are likely to develop in real-world applications. The “divide and conquer” strat-

egy is presented as an effective means for solving complex problems by dividing them into

simpler interacting components. We begin by introducing modules as containers for groups

of useful functions. We introduce module math and discuss the many mathematics-related

functions the module contains. Students enjoy the treatment of random numbers and simu-

lation, and they are entertained by a study of the dice game, craps, which makes elegant use

of control structures. The chapter illustrates how to solve a Fibonacci and factorial problem

using a programming technique called recursion in which a function calls itself. Scope

rules are discussed in the context of an example that examines local and global variables.

The chapter also discusses the various ways a program can import a module and its ele-

ments and how the import statement affects the program’s namespace. Python functions

can specify default arguments and keyword arguments. We discuss both ways of passing

information to functions and illustrate some common programming errors in an interactive

session. The exercises present traditional mathematics and computer-science problems, in-

cluding how to solve the famous Towers of Hanoi problem using recursion. Another exer-

cise asks the reader to display the prime numbers from 2–100.

Chapter 5—Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries

This chapter presents a detailed introduction to three high-level Python data types: lists, tu-

ples and dictionaries. These data types enable Python programmers to accomplish complex

tasks through minimal lines of code. Strings, lists and tuples are all sequences—a data type

that can be manipulated through indexing and “slicing.” We discuss how to create, access

and manipulate sequences and present an example that creates a histogram from a sequence

of values. We consider the different ways lists and tuples are used in Python programs. Dic-

tionaries are “mappable” types—keys are stored with (or mapped to) their associated val-

ues. We discuss how to create, initialize and manipulate dictionaries in an example that

stores student grades. We introduce methods—functions that perform the operations of ob-

jects, such as lists and dictionaries—and how to use methods to access, sort and search data.

These methods easily perform algorithmic tasks that normally require abundant lines of

code in other languages. We consider immutable sequences—which cannot be altered—

and mutable sequences—which can be altered. An important and perhaps unexpected “side

effect” occurs when passing mutable sequences to functions—we present an example to

show the ramifications of this side effect. The exercises at the end of the chapter address

elementary sorting and searching algorithms and other programming techniques.

Chapter 6—Introduction to the Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

Chapter 6 illustrates a protocol for interactions between applications (CGI programs or

scripts) and Web servers. The chapter introduces the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP),

which is a fundamental component in the communication of data between a Web server and

a Web browser. We explain how a client computer connects to a server computer to request

information over the Internet and how a Web server runs a CGI program then sends a re-

sponse to the client. The most common data sent from a Web server to a Web browser is a

Web page—a document that is formatted with the Extensible HyperText Markup Language

(XHTML). In this chapter, we learn how to create simple CGI scripts. We also show how

to send user input from a browser to a CGI script with an example that displays a person’s

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18 Introduction to Computers, Internet and World Wide Web Chapter 1

name in a Web browser. We then focus on how to send user input to a CGI script by using

an XHTML form to pass data between the client and the CGI program on the server. We

demonstrate how to use module cgi to process form data. The chapter contains descrip-

tions of various HTTP headers used with CGI. We conclude by integrating the CGI mate-

rial into a Web portal case study that allows the user to log in to a fictional travel Web site

and to view information about special offers.

Chapter 7—Object-Based Programming

In this chapter, we begin our discussion of object-based programming. The chapter repre-

sents a wonderful opportunity for teaching data abstraction the “right way”—through the

Python language that was designed from the ground up to be object-oriented. In recent

years, data abstraction has become an important topic in introductory computing courses.

We discuss how to implement a time abstract data type with a class and how to initialize

and access data members of the class. Unlike other languages, Python does not permit pro-

grammers to prohibit attribute access. In this and the next two chapters, we discuss several

access-control techniques. We introduce “private” attributes as well as get and set methods

that control access to data. All objects and classes have attributes in common, and we dis-

cuss their names and values. We discuss default constructors and expand our example fur-

ther. We also introduce the raise statement for indicating errors. Classes can contain

class attributes—data that are created once and used by all instances of the class. We also

discuss an example of composition, in which instances contain references to other instances

as data members. The chapter concludes with a discussion of software reusability. The

more mathematically inclined reader will enjoy the exercise on creating class Rational

(for rational numbers).

Chapter 8—Customizing Classes

This chapter discusses the several methods Python provides for customizing the behavior

of a class. These methods extend the access-control mechanism introduced in the previous

chapter. Perhaps the most powerful of the customization techniques is operator overload-

ing, which enables the programmer to tell the Python interpreter how to use existing oper-

ators with objects of new types. Python already knows how to use these operators with

objects of built-in types such as integers, lists and strings. But suppose we create a new Ra-

tional class—what would the plus sign (+) denote when used between Rational ob-

jects? In this chapter, the programmer will learn how to “overload” the plus sign so that,

when it is written between two Rational objects in an expression, the interpreter will

generate a method call to an “operator method” that “adds” the two Rational objects.

The chapter discusses the fundamentals of operator overloading, restrictions in operator

overloading, overloading unary and binary operators and converting between types. The

chapter also discusses how to customize a class so it contains list- or dictionary-like behav-

iors. The more mathematically inclined student will enjoy creating class Polynomial.

Chapter 9—Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance

This chapter introduces one of the most fundamental capabilities of object-oriented pro-

gramming languages: inheritance. Inheritance is a form of software reusability in which

new classes are developed quickly and easily by absorbing the capabilities of existing class-

es and adding appropriate new capabilities. The chapter discusses the notions of base class-

es and derived classes, direct-base classes, indirect-base classes, constructors and

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