洲际测量下的MPTCP与CMT-SCTP性能对比研究

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随着近年来接入设备拥有多个网络接口的数量急剧增加，利用所有可用接口同时提高数据传输速率的需求变得日益迫切。为了应对这一挑战，互联网工程任务组（IETF）正聚焦于两种主要的多路径传输协议扩展：Multipath TCP (MPTCP) 用于TCP协议，以及Concurrent Multipath Transfer for SCTP (CMT-SCTP) 用于SCTP协议。本文旨在对这两种负载均衡协议的实施进行深入评估和比较。首先，MPTCP是为TCP设计的一种创新，它允许一个连接在多个路径上并发地传输数据，通过分段并行传输和负载均衡策略来提高带宽利用率。MPTCP的设计目标是保持TCP的传统可靠性和有序性，同时引入多路径的优点，如更高的吞吐量和更好的网络冗余。然而，MPTCP的实现需要解决跨路径同步、拥塞控制和错误恢复等问题，这些都可能影响其性能表现。另一方面，CMT-SCTP是由SCTP发展而来的，SCTP本身就是一个设计用于提供多路径、多流服务的传输协议。CMT-SCTP通过将数据包分配到不同的流并在不同路径上传输，实现了高效的负载共享和路径选择。与MPTCP相比，CMT-SCTP的优势在于它能够利用SCTP的多路复用特性，提供了更强的实时性和低延迟能力。然而，CMT-SCTP的复杂性可能体现在它的路由管理和多路径协调上。本文基于洲际的测量数据，对比了这两种协议的实际性能，包括但不限于以下几个方面： 1. **吞吐量**：研究了MPTCP和CMT-SCTP在不同网络条件下的数据传输速率，分析它们如何优化带宽利用，尤其是在多路径环境下的性能提升。 2. **延迟和时延抖动**：评估了两个协议在面对不同路径质量和延迟变化时的稳定性，这对于实时应用至关重要。 3. **拥塞控制**：分析了MPTCP和CMT-SCTP如何处理和适应网络拥塞，以及各自在复杂网络状况下的效果。 4. **协议效率**：考察了这两种协议的开销，包括控制信息、数据包头大小和同步机制，对于资源消耗的考量也是衡量其实用性的关键。 5. **可靠性**：研究了多路径情况下，MPTCP和CMT-SCTP如何保证数据的一致性和完整性，尤其是在面对网络中断或故障时的恢复能力。通过详尽的实验和分析，本文为选择合适的多路径传输协议提供了实际依据，有助于网络运营商、开发者和标准制定者了解这两种技术的优缺点，以便做出更为明智的决策。此外，对于未来的研究和标准化工作，这篇论文也揭示了潜在的改进方向，比如优化的多路径同步算法或更有效的拥塞控制策略。

Comparison of Multipath TCP and CMT-SCTP

based on Intercontinental Measurements

Martin Becke, Hakim Adhari, Erwin P. Rathgeb

University of Duisburg-Essen,

Institute for Experimental Mathematics

Ellernstraße 29, 45326 Essen, Germany

{martin.becke, hakim.adhari, rathgeb}@uni-due.de

Fu Fa, Xiong Yang, Xing Zhou

Hainan University,

College of Information Science and Technology

Renmin Avenue 58, 570228 Haikou, China

{fufa, xyang, zhouxing}@hainu.edu.cn

Abstract—The market penetration of access devices with mul-

tiple network interfaces has increased dramatically over the

last few years. As a consequence, there is a strong interest to

use all of the available interfaces concurrently to improve data

throughput. Corresponding extensions of established Transport

protocols are receiving considerable attention within research and

standardization.

Currently two approaches are in the focus of the IETF: The

Multipath TCP (MPTCP) extension for TCP and the Concurrent

Multipath Transfer extension for SCTP (CMT-SCTP). This

paper evaluates and compares implementations of these two

loadsharing protocols by using both lab measurements and

intercontinental testbed realized via the Internet between Europe

and China. The experiments show that some performance critical

aspects have not been taken into account in previous studies.

Furthermore, they show that the simple scenario with two

disjoint paths, which is typically used for evaluation, does

not sufﬁciently cover the real Internet environment. Based on

these insights, we highlight that the different path management

strategies of the two protocols have a signiﬁcant impact on their

performance in real Internet scenarios.

Keywords: Multipath Transfer, Loadsharing CMT-SCTP,

MPTCP, Buffer, Congestion Control, Performance Analysis

I. INTRODUCTION AND RELATED WORK

Nowadays, the Internet is the predominant global com-

munication infrastructure, increasing day by day in number

of users as well as in diversity of services used. Network

providers obviously aim at maximizing the utilization of the

available network resources while users expect, among other

QoS criteria, optimum and stable data throughput. In addition,

it is a basic Internet policy to ensure that each user gets his fair

share of network resources. As the network layer only provides

a very simple delivery service, current transport protocols

play a major role in striking this balance. This is exempliﬁed

by TCP with its elaborate congestion control which tries to

optimize goodput, to limit network congestion and distribute

available network capacity in a fair manner among competing

connections.

This issue is sufﬁciently understood for the current Internet

scenario where two endpoints are interconnected via a single

network path, and the established solutions work reasonably

well. However, multi-homing and in particular loadsharing

over multiple network paths, create novel challenges which

require signiﬁcant research effort to be fully understood. These

challenges have a major impact on the design of multipath

protocols and their mechanisms.

Partly funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China

(funding number 61163014)

Although loadsharing can be applied on various OSI layers,

this paper - as well as current standardization efforts - focuses

on approaches on the Transport layer since only the Transport

protocol can easily provide a common service across the

borders of provider networks [1]. Over the years, multiple

approaches were proposed such as the Reliable Multiplexing

Transport Protocol [2], Parallel TCP [3] or mTCP [4], but

none of them has been deployed in the Internet. This could be

changed by the approaches currently discussed in the context

of the IETF. Multipath TCP (MPTCP [5]) and Concurrent

Multipath Transfer for SCTP (CMT-SCTP [6]) are two ap-

proaches supporting loadsharing for end-to-end transport. Both

protocols are in an advanced stage of the standardization in

the IETF.

One major issue for multipath loadsharing in Transport

protocols is the so called ”shared bottleneck” problem [7]

arising if several paths of a multipath connection share a

common bottleneck link and compete against classical TCP

trafﬁc - which can neither be avoided nor detected reliably. In

this case, the multipath protocol would occupy more than the

fair share of bandwidth on the bottleneck link if every path

of the multipath connection would behave like an individual

(TCP-)connection. Therefore, the idea of Resource Pooling [8]

has been adopted for both MPTCP and CMT-SCTP [6] to

provide TCP-friendliness [9] under all circumstances which

is a basic prerequisite for standardization by the IETF and

ubiquitous deployment in the Internet.

[10] describes the current MPTCP concept and most of

the design decisions. The current effort to standardize CMT-

SCTP [11] is based on ideas ﬁrst published in [6] and recently

improved and extended signiﬁcantly [7], [9], [12]. Although

the standardization process is, especially for MPTCP, fairly

advanced, the behaviour of these protocols is not yet fully

understood. Some simulative performance evaluations have

already been published [6], ﬁrst measurements have also been

reported [7], [9], [12]–[15]. All these evaluations mainly focus

on congestion control issues and use very simple network

topologies while evaluations in real world Internet scenarios

are still missing. Our contribution is to evaluate and compare

the speciﬁc behavior of MPTCP and CMT-SCTP both in a

lab environment and in a real world intercontinental Internet

scenario. We will ﬁrst show that some performance relevant

aspects of real implementations have not been modeled sufﬁ-

ciently in simulations so far. In a next step we will highlight

that the path management concept, which is different for

MPTCP and CMT-SCTP, has signiﬁcant performance impli-

cations in real Internet scenarios.

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