Linux宝典2010英文版：探索18种Linux发行版

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"LINUX宝典 2010 英文版" 《Linux宝典 2010版》（英文原名：Wiley Linux Bible 2010 Edition）是一本全面介绍Linux操作系统的指南，由知名作者Christopher Negus编写。这本书采用PDF文字版，由美国Wiley出版社出版，书号978-0-470-48505-7，发布于2010年。内容涵盖了多个流行的Linux发行版，包括Ubuntu、Fedora、Debian、OpenSUSE、Slackware、Knoppix、Gentoo、Mandriva、SLAX等，总计超过18种。本书分为6个部分，从基础概念和shell命令到图形用户界面，再到Linux编程环境，详尽地介绍了Linux的各个方面。针对初学者，书中指导如何从Windows或Mac操作系统过渡到Linux，并选择最适合自己的Linux发行版。此外，还涵盖了设置安全的Linux服务器系统和安装建议。书中的主题包括： 1. Linux入门：介绍Linux的基础知识，如安装Linux和理解Linux的职业领域。 2. 运行Linux桌面：涵盖桌面环境的使用，音乐和视频播放，文字处理和图像编辑，电子邮件和网络浏览，以及Linux游戏。 3. 学习系统管理技能：教授如何安装Linux、使用shell命令、进行基本系统管理、联网和保障系统安全。 4. 设置Linux服务器：涉及LAMP（Linux、Apache、MySQL、PHP）服务器、邮件服务器、打印服务器和文件服务器的搭建。 5. 选择与安装不同Linux发行版：详细讲解各个发行版的特点和安装过程。 6. Linux编程：介绍编程环境、接口、工具和实用程序。书后还附有媒体资源、Linux历史和背景的附录，以及GNU General Public License（版本2）的相关信息。本书适合Linux新手学习，同时也为经验丰富的Linux专业人员提供参考。通过《Linux宝典 2010版》，读者不仅可以掌握Linux的基本操作，还能了解到最新的Linux技术和发展趋势，从而更好地利用这一强大而开源的操作系统。

xiv

Contents

Gaming with LinuxChapter 7: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Jumping into Linux Gaming .............................................................................................185

Overview of Linux Gaming ..............................................................................................187

Basic Linux Gaming Information .....................................................................................188

Choosing Gaming Hardware for Linux ............................................................................190

Running Open Source Linux Games ................................................................................ 191

GNOME games .......................................................................................................192

KDE games .............................................................................................................193

Games in Fedora .....................................................................................................194

Commercial Linux Games ................................................................................................ 201

Getting started with commercial games in Linux ...................................................202

Playing commercial Linux games ..........................................................................203

id Software games ...................................................................................................203

Playing TransGaming and Cedega games ...............................................................205

Loki Software game demos .....................................................................................207

Summar y ..........................................................................................................................210

Part III: Learning System Administration Skills 211

Installing LinuxChapter 8: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Choosing a Linux Distribution ......................................................................................... 214

Linux at work ......................................................................................................... 214

Other distributions .................................................................................................215

Getting Your Own Linux Distribution ..............................................................................215

Finding another Linux distribution ........................................................................ 216

Understanding what you need ................................................................................ 216

Downloading the distribution ................................................................................ 217

Burning the distribution to CD ............................................................................... 218

Exploring Common Installation Topics ............................................................................219

Knowing your computer hardware ......................................................................... 219

Upgrading or installing from scratch ......................................................................221

Dual booting and virtualization .............................................................................221

Using installation boot options ...............................................................................223

Partitioning hard drives ..........................................................................................224

Using LILO or GRUB boot loaders ..........................................................................232

Conﬁ guring networking ......................................................................................... 242

Conﬁ guring other administrative features .............................................................. 243

Installing from the Linux Bible CD or DVD ....................................................................... 243

Summar y ..........................................................................................................................244

Running Commands from the ShellChapter 9: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Starting a Shell .................................................................................................................246

Using the shell prompt ...........................................................................................246

Using a terminal window ....................................................................................... 247

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Contents

Using virtual terminals ...........................................................................................248

Choosing Your Shell .........................................................................................................248

Using bash (and earlier sh) shells ............................................................................249

Using tcsh (and earlier csh) shells ...........................................................................250

Using ash ................................................................................................................250

Using ksh ................................................................................................................250

Using zsh ................................................................................................................250

Exploring the Shell ...........................................................................................................251

Checking your login session ...................................................................................251

Checking directories and permissions ....................................................................252

Checking system activity ........................................................................................254

Exiting the shell ......................................................................................................255

Using the Shell in Linux ...................................................................................................255

Locating commands ...............................................................................................256

Rerunning commands ............................................................................................259

Connecting and expanding commands ..................................................................265

Creating Your Shell Environment .....................................................................................268

Conﬁ guring your shell ............................................................................................268

Using shell environment variables ..........................................................................272

Managing background and foreground processes ...................................................275

Working with the Linux File System ................................................................................277

Creating ﬁ les and directories ..................................................................................280

Moving, copying, and deleting ﬁ les ........................................................................287

Using the vi Text Editor ....................................................................................................287

Starting with vi .......................................................................................................288

Moving around the ﬁ le ........................................................................................... 291

Searching for text .................................................................................................... 291

Using numbers with commands .............................................................................292

Summar y ..........................................................................................................................293

Learning Basic AdministrationChapter 10: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Graphical Administration Tools .......................................................................................296

Using Web-based administration ...........................................................................296

Graphical administration with different distributions ............................................298

Using the root Login .........................................................................................................302

Becoming root from the shell (su command) ..........................................................303

Allowing limited administrative access ..................................................................304

Exploring Administrative Commands, Conﬁ guration Files, and Log Files ......................304

Administrative commands ......................................................................................305

Administrative conﬁ guration ﬁ les ..........................................................................306

Administrative log ﬁ les ........................................................................................... 310

Using sudo and Other Administrative Logins ................................................................. 310

Administering Your Linux System .................................................................................... 313

Creating User Accounts .................................................................................................... 314

Adding users with useradd ..................................................................................... 314

Setting user defaults ............................................................................................... 317

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xvi

Contents

Modifying users with usermod ............................................................................... 319

Deleting users with userdel ....................................................................................320

Conﬁ guring Hardware .....................................................................................................321

Managing removable hardware ...............................................................................322

Working with loadable modules .............................................................................325

Managing File Systems and Disk Space ............................................................................ 327

Mounting ﬁ le systems .............................................................................................330

Using the mkfs command to create a ﬁ le system ....................................................338

Adding a hard disk .................................................................................................339

Checking system space ...........................................................................................342

Monitoring System Performance .......................................................................................344

Doing Remote System Administration ..............................................................................345

Summar y ..........................................................................................................................347

Getting on the InternetChapter 11: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Connecting to the Network ..............................................................................................350

Connecting via dial-up service ...............................................................................350

Connecting a single wired Ethernet card ................................................................ 351

Sharing a network connection with other computers .............................................352

Connecting servers .................................................................................................354

Connecting other equipment .................................................................................. 355

Using Ethernet Connections to the Internet .....................................................................356

Conﬁ guring Ethernet during installation ...............................................................357

Conﬁ guring Ethernet from the desktop ..................................................................357

Using Network Conﬁ guration GUI in Fedora .........................................................358

Identifying other computers (hosts and DNS) ........................................................360

Understanding your Internet connection ................................................................362

Using Dial-Up Connections to the Internet ......................................................................364

Getting information ................................................................................................364

Setting up dial-up PPP ............................................................................................365

Creating a dial-up connection with the Internet Conﬁ guration Wizard .................366

Launching your PPP connection .............................................................................368

Launching your PPP connection on demand ..........................................................369

Checking your PPP connection ............................................................................... 370

Checking that your modem was detected ............................................................... 370

Connecting to the Internet with Wireless .........................................................................371

Summar y ..........................................................................................................................372

Securing LinuxChapter 12: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Linux Security Checklist .................................................................................................. 374

Finding distribution-speciﬁ c security resources .....................................................377

Finding general security resources .........................................................................378

Using Linux Securely .......................................................................................................379

Using password protection .....................................................................................379

Choosing good passwords ......................................................................................379

Using a shadow password ﬁ le .................................................................................381

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xvii

Contents

Using Log Files .................................................................................................................383

The role of syslogd ..................................................................................................386

Redirecting logs to a loghost with syslogd ..............................................................386

Understanding the messages log ﬁ le .......................................................................388

Using Secure Shell Tools ...................................................................................................389

Starting the ssh service ...........................................................................................389

Using the ssh, sftp, and scp commands ..................................................................390

Using ssh, scp, and sftp without passwords ............................................................391

Securing Linux Servers.....................................................................................................392

Controlling access to services with TCP wrappers .................................................392

Understanding attack techniques ...........................................................................395

Protecting against denial-of-service attacks ............................................................396

Protecting against distributed DoS attacks .............................................................399

Protecting against intrusion attacks ........................................................................404

Securing servers with SELinux ...............................................................................407

Protecting Web servers with certiﬁ cates and encryption .......................................407

Using Security Tools from Linux Live CDs ....................................................................... 417

Advantages of security live CDs .............................................................................. 418

Using INSERT to check for rootkits ........................................................................ 418

Summar y .......................................................................................................................... 419

Part IV: Setting Up Linux Servers 421

Chapter 13: Running a Linux, Apache, MySQL,

and PHP (LAMP) Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Components of a LAMP Server ......................................................................................... 424

Apache .................................................................................................................... 424

MyS QL .................................................................................................................... 424

PHP.........................................................................................................................425

Setting Up Your LAMP Server ..........................................................................................426

Installing Apache ....................................................................................................426

Installing PHP.........................................................................................................426

Installing MySQL ....................................................................................................428

Operating Your LAMP Server ...........................................................................................428

Editing your apache conﬁ guration ﬁ les ..................................................................429

Adding a virtual host to Apache ............................................................................. 431

User content and the UserDir setting ...................................................................... 433

Installing a Web application: Coppermine Photo Gallery .......................................433

Troubleshooting ...............................................................................................................437

Conﬁ guration errors ............................................................................................... 437

Access forbidden and server internal errors ............................................................439

Securing Your Web Trafﬁ c with SSL/TLS .........................................................................440

Generating your keys ..............................................................................................442

Conﬁ guring Apache to support SSL/TLS ................................................................443

Summar y ..........................................................................................................................444

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xviii

Contents

Running a Mail ServerChapter 14: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Internet E-Mail’s Inner Workings .....................................................................................445

About the System and the Software Used .........................................................................447

Preparing Your System .....................................................................................................447

Conﬁ guring DNS for direct delivery .......................................................................448

Conﬁ guring for retrieval from a mail host ..............................................................449

Installing and Conﬁ guring the Mail Server Software .......................................................450

Installing Exim and Courier ...................................................................................450

Installing ClamAV and SpamAssassin ....................................................................452

Testing and Troubleshooting ............................................................................................454

Checking logs .........................................................................................................454

Common errors (and how to ﬁ x them) ................................................................... 455

Conﬁ guring Mail Clients ..................................................................................................458

Conﬁ guring Fetchmail ...........................................................................................459

Conﬁ guring web-based mail ..................................................................................460

Securing Communications with SSL/TLS ........................................................................460

Summar y ..........................................................................................................................462

Running a Print ServerChapter 15: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

Common UNIX Printing Service .....................................................................................464

Setting Up Printers ...........................................................................................................465

Using Web-based CUPS administration .................................................................466

Using the Printer Conﬁ guration window ................................................................468

Working with CUPS Printing ........................................................................................... 476

Conﬁ guring the CUPS server (cupsd.conf)............................................................. 476

Starting the CUPS server ........................................................................................477

Conﬁ guring CUPS printer options manually .......................................................... 478

Using Printing Commands ............................................................................................... 479

Printing with lpr .....................................................................................................480

Listing status with lpc ............................................................................................480

Removing print jobs with lprm...............................................................................481

Conﬁ guring Print Servers.................................................................................................481

Conﬁ guring a shared CUPS printer ........................................................................482

Conﬁ guring a shared Samba printer .......................................................................483

Summar y ..........................................................................................................................485

Running a File ServerChapter 16: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Setting Up an NFS File Server ..........................................................................................488

Getting NFS ............................................................................................................490

Sharing NFS ﬁ le systems ........................................................................................490

Using NFS ﬁ le systems ...........................................................................................495

Unmounting NFS ﬁ le systems ................................................................................501

Other cool things to do with NFS ...........................................................................502

Setting Up a Samba File Server .........................................................................................502

Getting and installing Samba..................................................................................504

Conﬁ guring Samba with SWAT ..............................................................................505

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