多核应用编程：Windows, Linux 和 Oracle Solaris 平台指南

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"Multicore Application Programming for Windows, Linux, and Oracle Solaris" 在当今的计算机领域，多核处理器已经成为主流，极大地提升了计算性能。《Multicore Application Programming for Windows, Linux, and Oracle Solaris》这本书聚焦于如何利用多核架构来编写高效的应用程序，旨在帮助开发者充分利用这些系统提供的并行处理能力。多核编程的核心在于理解和掌握并发与并行的概念。并发是指系统在同一时间可以处理多个任务，而并行则是指这些任务实际上是同时执行的。在多核环境中，通过并行化代码，可以显著提高程序运行速度，降低响应时间，尤其对于计算密集型应用来说，这是至关重要的。书中可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **并行编程基础**：介绍并行编程的基本原理，包括线程、进程以及它们之间的通信机制。线程是操作系统内核调度的基本单位，而进程则代表了独立的执行上下文和资源集合。 2. **Windows 平台下的并行编程**：讨论Microsoft的.NET Framework和C++ AMP（Accelerated Massive Parallelism）库，它们提供了丰富的API来支持多核编程，如`Task Parallel Library (TPL)`，`Parallel LINQ (PLINQ)`等。 3. **Linux 并行编程**：讲解POSIX线程（pthread）、OpenMP等工具，以及如何在Linux环境下进行进程间通信（IPC），如管道、套接字、共享内存等。 4. **Oracle Solaris的并行编程**：介绍Solaris操作系统特有的并行编程工具和API，如Solaris Workload Partitions（WLP）和Solaris Thread Libraries。 5. **并行算法设计**：探讨如何将串行算法转化为并行算法，如分治策略、动态规划、图算法等，并分析并行算法的复杂性和效率。 6. **性能优化**：讲解如何通过负载均衡、同步机制（如锁和信号量）以及内存管理策略来提升并行程序的性能。 7. **调试和性能分析**：介绍多核程序的调试技巧，使用性能分析工具来定位并解决并发问题，如死锁、竞态条件和活锁。 8. **错误处理和容错性**：讨论在多线程环境中可能出现的问题，如数据一致性、异常处理，以及如何构建健壮的并行系统。 9. **案例研究**：通过实际项目或示例，展示如何在Windows、Linux和Oracle Solaris上实现并行应用程序。 10. **最佳实践和未来趋势**：总结多核编程的最佳实践，预测并行计算的发展方向，如GPU编程、云计算环境下的并行计算等。这本书对于软件开发人员、系统架构师以及对多核编程感兴趣的读者来说，是一本宝贵的参考资料，它将帮助读者深入理解并掌握多核环境下的应用开发，从而提升软件的性能和效率。

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This book is about using and developing for multicore systems. This is a topic that is

often described as complex or hard to understand. In some way, this reputation is justi-

fied. Like any programming technique, multicore programming can be hard to do both

correctly and with high performance. On the other hand, there are many ways that multi -

core systems can be used to significantly improve the performance of an application or

the amount of work performed per unit time; some of these approaches will be more

difficult than others.

Perhaps saying “multicore programming is easy” is too optimistic, but a realistic way

of thinking about it is that multicore programming is perhaps no more complex or no

more difficult than the step from procedural to object-oriented programming. This book

will help you understand the challenges involved in writing applications that fully utilize

multicore systems, and it will enable you to produce applications that are functionally

correct, that are high performance, and that scale well to many cores.

Who Is This Book For?

If you have read this far, then this book is likely to be for you. The book is a practical

guide to writing applications that are able to exploit multicore systems to their full

advantage. It is not a book about a particular approach to parallelization. Instead, it covers

various approaches. It is also not a book wedded to a particular platform. Instead, it pulls

examples from various operating systems and various processor types. Although the book

does cover advanced topics, these are covered in a context that will enable all readers to

become familiar with them.

The book has been written for a reader who is familiar with the C programming lan-

guage and has a fair ability at programming. The objective of the book is not to teach

programming languages, but it deals with the higher-level considerations of writing code

that is correct, has good performance, and scales to many cores.

The book includes a few examples that use SPARC or x86 assembly language.

Readers are not expected to be familiar with assembly language, and the examples are

straightforward, are clearly commented, and illustrate particular points.

Objectives of the Book

By the end of the book, the reader will understand the options available for writing pro-

grams that use multiple cores on UNIX-like operating systems (Linux, Oracle Solaris,

OS X) and Windows. They will have an understanding of how the hardware implemen-

tation of multiple cores will affect the performance of the application running on the

system (both in good and bad ways). The reader will also know the potential problems to

avoid when writing parallel applications. Finally, they will understand how to write

applications that scale up to large numbers of parallel threads.

xvi

Preface

Download at www.wowebook.com

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Structure of This Book

This book is divided into the following chapters.

Chapter 1 introduces the hardware and software concepts that will be encountered

in the rest of the book. The chapter gives an overview of the internals of processors. It is

not necessarily critical for the reader to understand how hardware works before they can

write programs that utilize multicore systems. However, an understanding of the basics of

processor architecture will enable the reader to better understand some of the concepts

relating to application correctness, performance, and scaling that are presented later in

the book. The chapter also discusses the concepts of threads and processes.

Chapter 2 discusses profiling and optimizing applications. One of the book’s prem-

ises is that it is vital to understand where the application currently spends its time before

work is spent on modifying the application to use multiple cores. The chapter covers all

the leading contributors to performance over the application development cycle and dis-

cusses how performance can be improved.

Chapter 3 describes ways that multicore systems can be used to perform more work

per unit time or reduce the amount of time it takes to complete a single unit of work. It

starts with a discussion of virtualization where one new system can be used to replace

multiple older systems. This consolidation can be achieved with no change in the soft-

ware. It is important to realize that multicore systems represent an opportunity to change

the way an application works; they do not require that the application be changed. The

chapter continues with describing various patterns that can be used to write parallel

applications and discusses the situations when these patterns might be useful.

Chapter 4 describes sharing data safely between multiple threads. The chapter leads

with a discussion of data races, the most common type of correctness problem encoun-

tered in multithreaded codes. This chapter covers how to safely share data and synchro-

nize threads at an abstract level of detail. The subsequent chapters describe the operating

system–specific details.

Chapter 5 describes writing parallel applications using POSIX threads. This is the

standard implemented by UNIX-like operating systems, such as Linux, Apple’s OS X,

and Oracle’s Solaris. The POSIX threading library provides a number of useful building

blocks for writing parallel applications. It offers great flexibility and ease of development.

Chapter 6 describes writing parallel applications for Microsoft Windows using

Windows native threading. Windows provides similar synchronization and data sharing

primitives to those provided by POSIX. The differences are in the interfaces and require-

ments of these functions.

Chapter 7 describes opportunities and limitations of automatic parallelization pro-

vided by compilers. The chapter also covers the OpenMP specification, which makes it

relatively straightforward to write applications that take advantage of multicore processors.

Chapter 8 discusses how to write parallel applications without using the functional-

ity in libraries provided by the operating system or compiler. There are some good rea-

sons for writing custom code for synchronization or sharing of data. These might be for

xvii

Preface

Download at www.wowebook.com

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