高级生物信号处理：方法与应用

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"《高级生物信号处理》是一本详尽探讨高级生物信号处理技术原理的专业书籍，共分为17章。它首先通过重要章节介绍了生物信号的基本特性以及最新的采集技术，然后将内容划分为五个部分，分别围绕临床常规中最常用的四种生物信号：心电图（ECG）、脑电图（EEG）、肌电图（EMG）和诱发电位（EP）展开。每一部分都涵盖了与分析、检测、分类、源分离和特征提取相关的多个章节，这些技术应用了多种先进的信号处理方法，包括小波分析、经验模态分解（Empirical Mode Decomposition）、神经网络、马尔可夫模型、元启发式算法以及混合方法，如小波网络和神经模糊网络。这种按信号类型而非方法组织的方式，便于读者针对特定领域快速理解和掌握相应技术。最后一部分是多模态生物信号处理，涉及医学压缩和数据融合两个主题，为研究跨模态信号融合提供了深入见解。书中大部分示例信号可以从医疗数据库下载，方便用户评估算法性能，极大地增强了学习者和实践者的实践体验。该书适用于生物医学工程的研究生、工程师和研究人员，以及在生物医学科学和医学物理领域工作的工程师。《高级生物信号处理》全面且实用，不仅涵盖了理论知识，还注重实际应用和案例分析，对于推动生物信号处理领域的前沿研究和技术发展具有重要价值。版权信息表明，所有内容受德国版权法保护，复制或使用须遵循相关规定。"

2A.Na

ıt-Ali and P. Karasinski

1.1.1 Biopotentials Recording Electrodes

Generally speaking, to ensure an appropriate interface between living tissue and

a conductor, specific sensors are required to transform ionic concentrations to

electronic conductions. This sensor is, actually, an electrode in which a chemical

reaction produces this transformation.

The biopotentials are produced from cell activity that changes the ionic con-

centration in intra and extra cellular environment. In electrical devices, electron

activity produces tensions and currents. Both of them are electrical phenomenon

but charge carriers are different. A current in an electronic circuit results from an

electron movement and from the displacement ions in living tissue. As mentioned

above, electrodes ensure the transformation from ionic conduction to electronic con-

duction through a chemical reaction. Biopotential electrodes are regarded as second

kind electrodes (i.e. they are composed of metal, saturated salt from the same metal

and an electrolyte made with common ion). For example, the most common elec-

trode uses silver, silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) and a potassium or sodium chloride

electrolyte. These electrodes present good stability because their potentials depend

on common ion concentration and temperature. Moreover, electrodes are sensitive

to movement. In a steady state, electrochemical reactions create a double layer

of charges that might be a source of artifacts during any possible movement (e.g.

patient movement). To reduce the effect of these artifacts, one has to ensure that the

electrodes are properly fixed.

1.1.1.1 Equivalent Circuit

The electrode interface can be modeled by an equivalent electrical circuit, shown

in (Fig. 1.1a). Here, E1 is the electrode potential. The charge double layer acts as

a capacitor denoted by Ce, whereas Re stands for the conduction. It is worth not-

ing that a more complex model has been proposed in the literature to take the skin

structure into account [9]. The corresponding electrical circuit is given in Fig. 1.1b.

The paste-epidermis junction produces another DC voltage source, denoted E2.

Epidermis can be modeled by an RC network.

Generally speaking, any equivalent circuit can be reduced to a DC voltage, placed

in serial with an equivalent impedance.

1.1.1.2 Other Electrodes

Even if Ag/AgCl electrodes are commonly used in clinical routines, one can evoke

other existing types, namely:

• glass micropipet electrodes for unicellular recording,

• needle electrodes,

• micro array electrodes,

• dry electrodes.

1 Biosignals: Acquisition and General Properties 3

a) Electrode

Electrode

Paste

Epidermis

Dermis

b) electrode skin interface

Fig. 1.1 (a) Electrode

equivalent circuit,

(b) electrode skin interface

equivalent circuit

Of course, this is a non exhaustive list. For more details, the reader can refer, for

instance, to [9].

Special attention is given to, dry electrodes which are capacitive effect based.

These electrodes are well suited for both long-duration and ambulatory recording.

Associated with wireless transmission systems, they could represent the biopotential

recording standard of the future.

1.1.2 Power Supply Artifact Rejection

The power supply artifact is not specific to biopotential measurements. This problem

concerns, rather, any instrumentation systems. Even if one can protect a strain gauge

or any industrial sensor by a shielded box; building a Faraday cage around a patient,

in an operating room is impossible.

If the power supply artifact rejection is something new for you, you can carry out

a very simple experiment using an oscilloscope, as follows: connect a coaxial cable

at the input and take the hot point between two fingers. You will see on the screen

a 50 or 60 Hz sinusoidal noisy signal. The magnitude depends on your electrical

installation. It can reach a few volts. Now, touch the grounding point with the same

or the other hand; the signal will decrease. Finally, put down the coaxial cable and

increase the oscilloscope gain to its maximum value; you will notice that the signal

is still present. This “strange” signal is the power supply artifact.

From this experiment, one can wonder about this signal’s sources which make

it still present with two, one or even without any measurement point. Actually, the

physical phenomenon at the signal origin is a capacitive coupling created by dis-

placement currents, described in the following section.

1.1.2.1 Displacement Currents

Displacement currents are described in electromagnetism theory, in particular, in

Maxwell



s fourth equations:

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