探索Lisp：游戏编程之旅

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"《LAND OF LISP：Learn to Program in Lisp, One Game at a Time!》是一本通过游戏来教授Lisp编程语言的书籍，由Conrad Barski撰写。本书用趣味的漫画和创新的游戏，将Common Lisp的复杂概念变得易于理解，适合初学者和有经验的程序员。作者从基础的列表操作、输入/输出、递归讲起，逐步深入到宏、高阶编程和领域特定语言等高级主题。同时，读者还能通过创建和玩诸如Wizard Adventure和Grand Theft Wumpus等游戏来实践所学知识。此外，书中的内容还包括构建自己的Web服务器以进行基于浏览器的游戏开发，以及编写像Dice of Doom和Orc Battle这样挑战思维的游戏。这本书旨在帮助读者掌握Lisp的语法特性，编写简洁高效的函数式程序，以及利用宏和其他高级技术来提升编程效率。" 在《LAND OF LISP》中，你可以学到： 1. **理解Lisp的语法和语义**：Lisp以其独特的括号语法和非传统的表达式结构著称，这本书将帮助你理解和适应这种语法，从而能够更有效地编写代码。 2. **编写函数式程序**：Lisp是一种强功能性的编程语言，书中会介绍如何利用其特性编写出简洁、优雅的代码，实现数据处理和算法设计。 3. **学习和使用宏**：Lisp的宏系统允许你在运行时修改和扩展语言本身，这将使你能够创建自定义的编程构造，提高代码的可重用性和灵活性。 4. **探索领域特定语言（DSL）**：DSL是为特定问题领域定制的语言，通过学习如何在Lisp中构建DSL，你可以更高效地解决特定类型的问题。 5. **构建Web服务器和开发游戏**：书中不仅教你如何创建游戏，还会讲解如何利用Lisp构建Web服务器，实现基于浏览器的游戏交互，将编程技能应用到实际项目中。 6. **挑战高级编程技巧**：通过编写如Dice of Doom和Orc Battle这样的复杂游戏，你将面临对思维逻辑和编程技巧的极大挑战，进一步提升你的编程能力。《LAND OF LISP》是一本结合了教育性与娱乐性的编程书籍，它将带领你进入Lisp的世界，通过游戏化的学习方式，让你在轻松愉快的氛围中掌握强大的Lisp编程技能。

xiv Contents in Detail

LET’S CREATE A WEB SERVER! 253

Error Handling in Common Lisp ............................................................................. 253

Signaling a Condition .............................................................................. 254

Creating Custom Conditions ..................................................................... 254

Intercepting Conditions ............................................................................ 255

Protecting Resources Against Unexpected Conditions ................................... 255

Writing a Web Server from Scratch ....................................................................... 256

How a Web Server Works ....................................................................... 256

Request Parameters ................................................................................. 258

Parsing the Request Header ...................................................................... 261

Testing get-header with a String Stream ..................................................... 262

Parsing the Request Body ......................................................................... 263

Our Grand Finale: The serve Function! ....................................................... 263

Building a Dynamic Website ................................................................................. 265

Testing the Request Handler ...................................................................... 265

Launching the Website ............................................................................. 266

What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 267

FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING IS BEAUTIFUL 269

SECTION IV: LISP IS SCIENCE

RAMPING LISP UP A NOTCH WITH

FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING 291

What Is Functional Programming? .......................................................................... 292

Anatomy of a Program Written in the Functional Style ............................................... 295

Higher-Order Programming ................................................................................... 298

Code Composition with Imperative Code ................................................... 298

Using the Functional Style ......................................................................... 299

Higher-Order Programming to the Rescue ................................................... 300

Why Functional Programming Is Crazy ................................................................... 300

Why Functional Programming Is Fantastic ............................................................... 301

Functional Programming Reduces Bugs ...................................................... 301

Functional Programs Are More Compact .................................................... 301

Functional Code Is More Elegant ............................................................... 302

What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 302

DICE OF DOOM, A GAME WRITTEN IN

THE FUNCTIONAL STYLE 303

The Rules of Dice of Doom ..................................................................................... 304

A Sample Game of Dice of Doom .......................................................................... 304

Contents in Detail xv

Implementing Dice of Doom, Version 1 ................................................................... 306

Defining Some Global Variables ............................................................... 306

Representing the Game Board .................................................................. 307

Decoupling Dice of Doom’s Rules from the Rest of the Game ........................ 309

Generating a Game Tree ......................................................................... 311

Calculating Passing Moves ....................................................................... 312

Calculating Attacking Moves .................................................................... 313

Finding the Neighbors ............................................................................. 314

Attacking ............................................................................................... 315

Reinforcements ........................................................................................ 316

Trying Out Our New game-tree Function .................................................... 317

Playing Dice of Doom Against Another Human ........................................... 318

Creating an Intelligent Computer Opponent ............................................................. 321

The Minimax Algorithm ............................................................................ 323

Turning Minimax into Actual Code ............................................................ 323

Creating a Game Loop with an AI Player ................................................... 324

Playing Our First Human vs. Computer Game ............................................. 325

Making Dice of Doom Faster ................................................................................. 326

Closures ................................................................................................. 326

Memoization .......................................................................................... 328

Tail Call Optimization .............................................................................. 331

A Sample Game on the 3-by-3 Board ........................................................ 334

What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 336

THE MAGIC OF LISP MACROS 339

A Simple Lisp Macro ............................................................................................ 340

Macro Expansion .................................................................................... 341

How Macros Are Transformed .................................................................. 342

Using the Simple Macro ........................................................................... 345

More Complex Macros ......................................................................................... 345

A Macro for Splitting Lists ......................................................................... 346

Avoiding Repeated Execution in Macros .................................................... 347

Avoiding Variable Capture ....................................................................... 348

A Recursion Macro .................................................................................. 350

Macros: Dangers and Alternatives .......................................................................... 352

What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 353

DOMAIN-SPECIFIC LANGUAGES 355

What Is a Domain? .............................................................................................. 355

Writing SVG Files ................................................................................................ 356

Creating XML and HTML with the tag Macro .............................................. 357

Creating SVG-Specific Macros and Functions ............................................. 361

Building a More Complicated SVG Example .............................................. 362

Creating Custom Game Commands for Wizard’s Adventure Game ............................ 365

Creating New Game Commands by Hand ................................................. 366

Let’s Try the Completed Wizard’s Adventure Game! .................................... 371

What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 373

xvi Contents in Detail

LAZY PROGRAMMING 375

Adding Lazy Evaluation to Lisp .............................................................................. 376

Creating the lazy and force Commands ..................................................... 378

Creating a Lazy Lists Library ..................................................................... 380

Converting Between Regular Lists and Lazy Lists .......................................... 381

Mapping and Searching Across Lazy Lists .................................................. 383

Dice of Doom, Version 2 ....................................................................................... 384

Making Our AI Work on Larger Game Boards ........................................................ 387

Trimming the Game Tree .......................................................................... 387

Applying Heuristics ................................................................................. 389

Winning by a Lot vs. Winning by a Little .................................................... 389

Alpha Beta Pruning ................................................................................. 393

What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 400

CREATING A GRAPHICAL, WEB-BASED VERSION OF

DICE OF DOOM 401

Drawing the Game Board Using the SVG Format ..................................................... 402

Drawing a Die ........................................................................................ 403

Drawing a Tile ........................................................................................ 405

Drawing the Board .................................................................................. 406

Building the Web Server Interface .......................................................................... 408

Writing Our Web Request Handler ........................................................... 408

Limitations of Our Game Web Server ........................................................ 409

Initializing a New Game .......................................................................... 410

Announcing a Winner ............................................................................. 410

Handling the Human Player ...................................................................... 410

Handling the Computer Player .................................................................. 412

Drawing the SVG Game Board from Within the HTML ................................. 412

Playing Version 3 of Dice of Doom ......................................................................... 413

What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 415

MAKING DICE OF DOOM MORE FUN 417

Increasing the Number of Players ........................................................................... 417

Rolling the Dice .................................................................................................... 418

Building Chance Nodes ........................................................................... 419

Doing the Actual Dice Rolling ................................................................... 420

Calling the Dice Rolling Code from Our Game Engine ................................. 420

Updating the AI ...................................................................................... 422

Improving the Dice of Doom Reinforcement Rules ..................................................... 423

Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 425

EPILOGUE 429

INDEX 465

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