引导工程入门：理解与挑战全视角

需积分: 10 142 浏览量更新于2024-07-26 收藏 5.53MB PDF 举报

《工程入门》第三版是一本专为初学者设计的工程学教材，无论是在哪个工程分支的学生，或是对工程职业有兴趣的高中生，都能从中获益匪浅。该书旨在介绍工程的本质和挑战，帮助读者理解这一专业领域的广阔性和复杂性。本书由保罗·H·赖特教授编著，他是佐治亚理工学院土木与环境工程学院的名誉教授，展示了其丰富的教学经验和深厚的专业素养。内容涵盖了广泛的工程学科，从基础理论到实践应用，旨在为学生提供一个全面的学习框架。在本书中，读者可以期待发现工程学的基本概念，如材料科学、力学、电路分析、控制系统、结构工程等，以及它们在实际项目中的应用。作者强调了工程师角色的重要性，包括解决问题的能力、创新思维和技术技能，以及对伦理和社会责任的理解。此外，书中还可能涉及工程历史、职业发展路径、当前行业趋势和挑战，以及如何通过团队合作、项目管理等方式在工程界取得成功。为了便于查阅，书后通常会有详细的参考文献和索引，使读者能够在深入学习的同时，也能进行更广泛的研究。出版方面，这本书由John Wiley & Sons, Inc.发行，经Acquisition Editor Joseph P. Hayton精心策划，Marketing Manager Katherine Hepburn负责推广，Senior Production Editor Valerie A. Vargas和Senior Designer Harry Nolan共同确保高质量的排版和设计。印刷和装订工作分别由Melior的Argosy和Courier/Westford完成，封面则由Lehigh Press, Inc.制作，所有这些都体现了出版社对产品质量的严谨态度。版权信息显示，本书享有2002年的约翰·威利父子公司所有权利，并已获得美国国会图书馆的版权登记。读者在使用时必须遵守版权法规定，不得无授权复制、存储或传输内容。《工程入门》第三版是一本极具实用价值的入门读物，不仅适合正在学习工程的学生，也对希望了解工程职业的潜在从业者具有启发作用，是培养工程基础知识和职业素养的重要资源。

the references listed at the end of this chapter for a more complete treatment of

this important subject.

1.2 ENGINEERING IN THE EARLY CIVILIZATIONS: THE

MESOPOTAMIANS

Significant engineering achievements must be credited to the ancient dwellers

of Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, currently

the country of Iraq. In this area, the wheeled cart is said to have first appeared

(2). In southern Mesopotamia, at the beginning of recorded history, the ancient

and mysterious Sumerian people constructed canals, temples, and city walls

that comprised the world’s first engineering works (3).

The land of Mesopotamia was open to attack from the north, east, and west,

and its history is a confused record of conquests and occupations by neighbor-

ing peoples (4). The most prominent rulers of ancient Mesopotamia were the

Babylonians and the Assyrians.

Records inscribed on clay tablets have been discovered and deciphered, pro-

viding an insight into life in that area thousands of years ago. These records

show that as early as 2000

B.C., an angle measuring device called the astrolabe

was being used for astronomical observations. This instrument, which con-

sisted of a graduated circle and a sighting arm, was based on the 60-unit

numerical system used by the Mesopotamians. That system has been retained

in time and angle measurements to the present day.

The most unusual class of structure left by the Mesopotamians was the zig-

gurat, a temple tower built in honor of their gods. The ziggurat was a terraced

pyramid of brick with staircases, setbacks, and a shrine or chapel at the top.

The Tower of Babel mentioned in the Old Testament is believed to have been

this type of structure.

Hammurabi, the great king who ruled Babylonia for 43 years (circa 1850 to

1750

B.C.) compiled a comprehensive new code of law that bears his name.

This famous code provided penalties for those who permitted poor construc-

tion practices and is considered to be a forerunner of today’s building codes.

The Code of Hammurabi provided an important message dealing with qual-

ity assurance and professional responsibility and exacted extremely severe

penalties for its breach. It read:

If a builder build a house for a man and do not make its construction

firm and the house which he has built collapse and cause the death of the

owner of the house—that builder shall be put to death.

If it cause the death of the son of the owner of the house—they shall

put to death a son of the builder.

If it cause the death of the slave of the owner of the house—he shall

give to the owner of the house a slave of equal value.

If it destroy property, he shall restore whatever it destroyed, and

because he did not make the house which he built firm and it collapsed,

he shall rebuild the house which collapsed at his own expense.

2 CHAPTER 1/HISTORY OF ENGINEERING

If a builder build a house for a man and do not make its construction

meet the requirements and a wall fall in, that builder shall strengthen the

wall at his own expense.

It is not surprising that the people who populated the valleys of the Tigris

and Euphrates developed significant irrigation and flood control works. Today,

in Iraq, evidence of abandoned canals can still be traced by lines of embank-

ments, lakes, and streams. The Nahrwan, a 400-foot wide canal extended gen-

erally parallel to the Tigris River over a distance of 200 miles (3), irrigating an

area averaging 18 miles in width (5). Imposing masonry dams were used by the

Mesopotamians to divert small tributaries into the canal.

During the reign of King Sennacherib, the Assyrians completed (circa 700

B.C.) the first notable example of a public water supply. They built a 30-mile-

long feeder canal bringing fresh water from the hills of Mount Tas to the exist-

ing Khosr River, by which the water flowed an additional 15 miles into

Ninevah. At Jerwan, an elevated cut-stone aqueduct was built to carry the

open canal over a small stream. This famous structure was 863 feet long,

68 feet wide, and 28 feet at the highest point (6). It supported a channel that

was approximately 50 feet wide and about 5 feet deep (2). The channel was

underlain by a thick layer of concrete, the first known use of this construction

material.

1.3 ENGINEERING IN THE EARLY CIVILIZATIONS: THE

EGYPTIANS

In the ancient Egyptian civilization, experts in planning and construction

emerged. These engineering forerunners held top positions as the trusted advi-

sors of the Egyptian kings. The man who held this position was a general con-

struction expert who was known as the king’s “chief of works.” (See Figure 1.1.)

These ancient engineers/architects practiced the earliest known form of sur-

veying, developed effective irrigation systems, and built remarkable edifices of

stone. The annual flooding of the Nile created a need for reestablishing land

boundaries. To perform these surveys, Egyptian engineers used sections of rope

that had been soaked in water, dried, and then coated with a wax material to

insure constant length. (See Figure 1.2.) They may have also used primitive

surveying instruments, but none has been found (7).

1.3 ENGINEERING IN THE EARLY CIVILIZATIONS: THE EGYPTIANS 3

Figure 1.1 Hieroglyphs from Ancient Egypt

translated “chief of works.” (Courtesy of the

American Society of Civil Engineers.)

It is known that as early as 3300 B.C., the Egyptians developed and main-

tained an extensive system of dykes, canals, and drainage systems (8). A great

mass of people populated the narrow fertile valley of the Nile, and irrigation

works were needed to maintain the large population and exploit the skill of

agriculture. The river also served as the principal means of transportation

because horses, wheeled vehicles, and roads were unknown in Egypt until

about 1785

B.C.(8).

The engineers of ancient Egypt sought to build the tallest, broadest, and

most durable structures the world would ever see. Their palaces, temples, and

tombs were designed as symbols of triumphant and everlasting power.

The best known works of the Egyptian builders are the pyramids. The first

pyramid was the Step Pyramid at Sakkara, built by Imhotep as a burial place

for the ruler Zoser in about 2980

B.C. (see Figure 1.3). The design of pyramids

evolved from tombs known as mastabas, as Figure 1.4 illustrates. The ancient

Egyptians regarded the king’s tomb as a house where he actually lived after

death, and some of the more elaborate mastabas contained several rooms and

storage cells where food and weapons were placed in close proximity to the

dead ruler and his family. Zoser’s Step Pyramid is actually six mastabas, the

second built on top of the first, the third on top of the second, and so forth. It

is conjectured that Imhotep may have built the mastabas one on top of the

other to prevent tomb robbers from digging, as they commonly did, into the

edifice from the top (8).

Three pyramids still stand on the West bank of the Nile River at Giza as

reminders of the outstanding engineering skills of the Egyptians. The largest

pyramid, known as the Great Pyramid or the Pyramid of Cheops, is approxi-

mately 481 feet high, and its base covers 13 acres (2). The pyramid is con-

structed of more than 2 million blocks of stone with the average weight of 2.5

tons. Some of the interior blocks weigh up to 30 tons.

Herodotus, the Greek historian who visited Egypt in the fifth century

B.C.,

reported that it took 100,000 men 20 years working in three-month relays to

4 CHAPTER 1/HISTORY OF ENGINEERING

Figure 1.2 Survey party and officials using coiled “measuring rope” as portrayed in

wall painting of an Egyptian superintendent, about 2000

B.C. (Courtesy of the

American Society of Civil Engineers.)

build the pyramid (6). The stone blocks were floated to the site by a causeway

that had been built for that purpose. Using ropes, levers, rollers, wooden sledges,

earth ramps, and copper chisels, the Egyptian workers built the pyramid with

precise and exacting engineering standards. The low courses of this remarkable

structure are set with joints measuring one ten-thousandth of an inch wide.

1.4 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE GREEKS

Beginning about 600 B.C., the Greek way of life and thought became dominant

in the eastern Mediterranean area. The Greeks are best remembered for their

abstract logic and their ability to theorize and to synthesize the knowledge of

the past (1). Their advances in art, literature, and philosophy were great, tend-

ing to overshadow their contributions to engineering. They tended to focus

mainly on theory and placed little value on experimentation and verification

and on practical application. In fact, the great Greek thinkers expressed the

viewpoint that any application of the fruits of the mind to material needs was

not worthy of dignity or respect (9).

Nevertheless, the Greek architecton made the first notable advance toward

professional stature. He was recognized as a master builder and construction

expert with knowledge and experience beyond the scope of the average citizen.

The Greek peninsula was so cut up by mountain ranges that land commu-

nication was difficult. The Greeks turned to the sea to become the first great

harbor builders. Herodotus described a great breakwater or mole that was con-

structed to protect the harbor at Samos. The breakwater was 400 yards long and

was built in water 120 feet deep (3). This represents the first recorded con-

struction of an artificial harbor, and it was to become a prototype in harbor

planning even into modern times (10).

The Greeks’ interest in navigation later led to the building of the first light-

house in the world, the Pharos at the port of Alexandria (10). This 370-foot-

high structure, built about 300

B.C., was known as one of the Seven Wonders of

the Ancient World.

Another great work built on the island of Samos was a 3300-foot-long tunnel

cut through a 900-foot hill under the direction of the architecton Eupalinus of

Megara (3, 10). The main tunnel, which was hand-chiseled through solid lime-

stone, was about 5.5 feet in width and height. At the bottom of the main tunnel,

a trench was cut 30 feet deep and 3 feet wide. In this trench, water was brought

through clay pipes to the city. The tunnel construction was carried out from

both ends, but the surveying methods used to perform this work are not known.

During the Golden Age of Greece, the ruler Pericles undertook a huge build-

ing program designed to make Athens the most beautiful city on earth. He

retained the services of leading artists and building experts of the time to build

temples, shrines, and statues on the Acropolis, the flat-topped rock over-

looking the city. The ruins of these works today provide one of the world’s

most remarkable sights.

The builders of the Greek temples must have used timber frames and manual

hoists that were equipped with capstans and pulleys similar to those used in

6 CHAPTER 1/HISTORY OF ENGINEERING

剩余289页未读，继续阅读

netfish1968

粉丝: 0
资源: 1

引导工程入门：理解与挑战全视角

YAMATAKE DCS:HARMONAS-DEO Introduction to Engineering 手册.rar

introduction to aviation engineering

SE_Introduction to Software Engineering

A Concise Introduction to Software Engineering

Introduction to Nuclear Engineering - Lamarsh

Introduction to Reverse Engineering Software.rar

MIT Introduction to Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

An Introduction to MEMS Engineering 2nd Edition 2004

Introduction to Matlab for Engineering Students

最新资源