Kubernetes Operators：自动化运维的新模式

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"Kubernetes Operators 是一种用于扩展 Kubernetes 功能的方法，它允许开发人员自定义管理和操作复杂应用程序的流程。Operator 模式基于 Kubernetes API，让运维人员能够编写自动化代码来处理特定应用的服务运维需求，如自动扩展、备份、恢复等。这本书《如何编写Operator》深入探讨了这一主题，提供了实现 Operator 的实践指导，并帮助读者理解和应用 Operator 模式来提升 Kubernetes 集群的自动化管理水平。业界专家对此书给予了高度评价，认为它是 Kubernetes 自动化和平台构建的关键资源。" Kubernetes Operators 是 Kubernetes 生态系统中的一个重要组成部分，它旨在解决在 Kubernetes 上运行复杂服务时的管理挑战。传统的 Kubernetes 管理方式可能无法满足特定应用的定制化需求，而 Operators 提供了一种扩展机制，使得运维人员可以将业务逻辑集成到 Kubernetes 控制平面，实现对应用的智能自动化管理。 Operator 基于 Kubernetes 的 Custom Resources Definitions (CRDs) 和控制器概念，使得运维人员能够定义自己的资源类型，并创建对应的控制器来处理这些资源的生命周期管理。通过这种方式，运维人员可以定义和执行复杂的工作流，例如数据库的自动备份和恢复、监控和告警策略、服务的自动扩展等。本书《如何编写Operator》详细讲解了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **Operator 设计原则**：书中会介绍如何设计符合 Operator 模式的解决方案，包括理解应用的需求、选择合适的自动化策略以及权衡资源和性能。 2. **创建 CRDs**：学习如何定义和注册自定义资源，这是构建 Operator 的基础，也是与 Kubernetes API 扩展交互的关键步骤。 3. **编写控制器**：控制器是 Operator 的核心，负责响应 CRD 的变化并执行相应的操作。书中会介绍如何编写和测试控制器代码，确保其可靠性和稳定性。 4. **最佳实践**：书中涵盖了 Operator 开发过程中的最佳实践，如错误处理、版本控制、日志记录和监控，以及如何与其他 Kubernetes 组件集成。 5. **部署和维护**：学习如何部署 Operator 到 Kubernetes 集群中，以及如何进行版本升级和维护，确保服务的连续性和可靠性。 6. **案例研究**：书中可能包含多个实际应用场景，如数据库 Operator、流处理 Operator 或监控 Operator，通过实例分析来加深理解。 7. **生态系统利用**：了解如何与现有的 Kubernetes 工具和服务协同工作，如 Helm、Prometheus 和 Istio，以增强 Operator 的功能和效率。通过阅读这本书，读者不仅可以掌握 Operator 的核心技术，还能了解到如何将这些技术应用到实际工作环境中，从而提升 Kubernetes 环境的运维效率和应用的可管理性。对于想要深入 Kubernetes 自动化的开发者和运维人员来说，这是一本不可或缺的指南。

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Using Code Examples

Supplemental material (code examples, exercises, etc.) is available for download at

https://github.com/kubernetes-operators-book/.

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Preface | xv

the pod. A pod is a group of one or more Linux containers with common resources

like networking, storage, and access to shared memory.

The Kubernetes pod documentation is a good starting point for

more information about the pod abstraction.

At a high level, a Kubernetes cluster can be divided into two planes. The control plane

is, in simple terms, Kubernetes itself. A collection of pods comprises the control plane

and implements the Kubernetes application programming interface (API) and cluster

orchestration logic.

The application plane, or data plane, is everything else. It is the group of nodes where

application pods run. One or more nodes are usually dedicated to running applica‐

tions, while one or more nodes are often sequestered to run only control plane pods.

As with application pods, multiple replicas of control plane components can run on

multiple controller nodes to provide redundancy.

The controllers of the control plane implement control loops that repeatedly compare

the desired state of the cluster to its actual state. When the two diverge, a controller

takes action to make them match. Operators extend this behavior. The schematic in

Figure 1-1 shows the major control plane components, with worker nodes running

application workloads.

While a strict division between the control and application planes is a convenient

mental model and a common way to deploy a Kubernetes cluster to segregate work‐

loads, the control plane components are a collection of pods running on nodes, like

any other application. In small clusters, control plane components are often sharing

the same node or two with application workloads.

The conceptual model of a cordoned control plane isn’t quite so tidy, either. The kube

let agent running on every node is part of the control plane, for example. Likewise, an

Operator is a type of controller, usually thought of as a control plane component.

Operators can blur this distinct border between planes, however. Treating the control

and application planes as isolated domains is a helpful simplifying abstraction, not an

absolute truth.

2 | Chapter 1: Operators Teach Kubernetes New Tricks

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在一篇强化学习文献中 ，出现如下内容In particular, the covariance and cross-covariance operators are defined as Σcov : = EX∼µ[ΦX ⊗ ΦX] and Σcr : = E(X,X0 )∼µ×P[ΦX ⊗ ΦX0 ] . 请介绍covariance operators和cross-covariance operators

AAPT: error: resource array/operators (aka com.example.calculator:array/operators) not found.

switch (operators.get(i))

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在一篇强化学习文献中，出现如下内容In particular, the covariance and cross-covariance operators are defined as Σcov : = EX∼µ[ΦX ⊗ ΦX] and Σcr : = E(X,X0 )∼µ×P[ΦX ⊗ ΦX0 ] . 请介绍covariance operators和cross-covariance operators