ASHRAE绿皮书：可持续建筑的设计与运营

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"ASHRAE GREEN GUIDE - LEED考试1必备" ASHRAE（美国暖通空调及制冷工程师学会）出版的《ASHRAE绿色指南》是针对可持续建筑的设计、施工和运营的重要参考资料，由TC1.10能源资源委员会和TC2.8建筑环境影响与可持续性委员会的GreenGuide子委员会共同编撰。该指南旨在帮助专业人士理解和实施绿色建筑原则，尤其对于准备LEED（ Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design，能源与环境设计领导力）认证考试的人员来说，是一本不可或缺的参考书。书中涉及的知识点广泛且深入，包括但不限于以下几个方面： 1. **可持续建筑的基本概念**：指南介绍了绿色建筑的核心理念，即在建筑的全生命周期内，通过优化能源效率、减少环境影响、提高室内环境质量，实现经济、环境和社会的可持续发展。 2. **设计策略**：书中详细讨论了如何在建筑设计阶段就考虑到能源效率、材料选择、水资源管理、生态环境保护等因素，以实现整体的绿色设计。 3. **施工过程中的环保实践**：涵盖绿色施工方法，如废物管理和回收利用、减少施工噪声和污染，以及确保工地的安全和健康环境。 4. **能源效率**：强调高效 HVAC（暖通空调）系统的设计与选型，包括热回收技术、可再生能源的利用（如太阳能、风能），以及节能照明和控制系统。 5. **室内环境质量**：关注建筑内的空气质量、采光、声学舒适度和材料的无毒无害，以提升居住者的工作和生活质量。 6. **水资源管理**：讨论雨水收集、灰水再利用、节水器具的运用，以及有效的排水系统设计。 7. **材料与资源**：提倡使用可再生、低排放、长寿命的建筑材料，并鼓励减少材料浪费和提高资源利用率。 8. **运营与维护**：提供有关建筑物持续运行和维护的策略，以确保其长期的绿色性能。 9. **环境影响评估**：介绍了评估建筑环境影响的方法，如生命周期评估（LCA），帮助设计师和业主理解建筑对环境的全面影响。 10. **法规与标准**：结合LEED认证标准和其他相关法规，指导读者如何符合并超越这些要求，以实现卓越的绿色建筑表现。《ASHRAE绿色指南》不仅包含了一群来自不同专业背景的专家贡献的知识，还融入了实际案例研究和最佳实践，使理论与实践相结合，为建筑师、工程师、承包商、业主以及政策制定者提供了宝贵的指导。通过学习这本指南，读者可以深入了解绿色建筑的各个方面，从而在实际工作中推动可持续建筑的发展。

FOREWORD

by William Coad

Mechanical engineering has been defined as “the applied science of energy

conversion.” ASHRAE is the preeminent technical society, representing engineers

practicing in the fields of heating, refrigeration, and air conditioning, the technol-

ogy that utilizes approximately one-third of the global nonrenewable energy

consumed annually.

ASHRAE membership has actively pursued more effective means of utilizing

these precious nonrenewable resources for many decades from the standpoints of

source availability, efficiency of utilization, and technology of substituting with

renewable sources. One significant publication in ASHRAE Transactions is a paper

authored in 1951 by G.W. Gleason, Dean of Engineering at Oregon State University,

titled “Energy—Choose it Wisely Today for Safety Tomorrow.” The flip side of the

energy coin is the environment and, again, ASHRAE has historically dealt with the

impact that the practice of the HVAC&R sciences have had upon both the indoor and

the global environment.

However, the engineering community, to a great extent, serves the needs and

desires of accepted economic norms and the consuming public, a large majority of

whom have not embraced the energy/environmental ethic. As a result, much of the

technology in energy effectiveness and environmental sensitivity that ASHRAE

members have developed over this past century has had limited impact upon society.

In 1975, when ASHRAE published Standard 90-75, that standard served as our

initial outreach effort to develop an awareness of the energy ethic and to extend our

capabilities throughout society as a whole. Since that time updated revisions of Stan-

dard 90 have moved the science ahead. In 1993, the chapter on “Energy Resources”

was added to the ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. In 2002 ASHRAE entered

into a Partnering Agreement with the US Green Building Council, and it is intended

that the second edition of this design guide will continue to assist the organization

in their efforts at promoting sustainable design, as well as the many other organiza-

tions that have advocated for high-performance building design.

xvii

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

by John Swift

When the first edition of the ASHRAE GreenGuide was developed, it was

intended that the Guide would be a continuous work in progress. This second edition

of the Guide fulfills that intent and represents ASHRAE’s continued commitment to

leadership in the areas of high-performance building design and operation.

The second edition of the ASHRAE GreenGuide includes a new chapter on

LEED Guidance for Mechanical Engineers and a new chapter on building systems’

impact on the local environment, both indoor and outdoor. There are 20 new

ASHRAE GreenTips, including a new version of the GreenTip that focuses on

specific building types. Some of the chapters from the first edition have been reor-

ganized in an attempt to more accurately mirror the path that an actual project would

take from pre-design to post-occupancy. Content has been added and edited in all

of the chapters, with significant updates in the subject areas of building automation

systems, renewable energy options, CHP and GSHP systems, and construction

issues. Dual units have been provided, as well as more international HVAC engi-

neering representation in the editorial process. Graphs, photographs, renderings,

and diagrams have been added where necessary to provide a more complete over-

view of specific subject matter. In addition, references have been added and updated

in order to make the second edition current as of its date of publication.

The ASHRAE GreenGuide is primarily for HVAC&R designers, but it will also

be a useful reference for architects, owners, building managers, operators, contrac-

tors, and others in the building industry who want to understand some of the tech-

nical issues regarding high-performance design from an integrated, buildings

systems perspective. Considerable emphasis is placed on teamwork and close coor-

dination between parties.

HOW TO USE THIS ASHRAE GREENGUIDE

The Guide is not intended to be “the last word” on the technical aspects of green

design nor, for that matter, a design guide proper. Throughout the Guide, numerous

techniques, processes, measures, or special systems are described succinctly in a

xviii

modified outline or bullet form, always in the same format. These are called

ASHRAE GreenTips. Each GreenTip concludes with a listing of other sources—

books, magazine articles, research papers, organizations, Web sites—that may be

referenced for greater detail.

This document is intended to be used more as a reference than as something one

would read in sequence from beginning to end. The table of contents is the best place

for any reader to get an overall view of what is covered in this document. All readers

should take the time to read Chapter 1, “Green/Sustainable High-Performance

Design,” which provides some essential definitions and meanings of key terms.

Chapter 2, “Background and Fundamentals,” might well be skipped by the more

experienced designer-readers. This chapter covers the background of the green

design movement and what other organizations have done, and it reviews some engi-

neering fundamentals that govern the technical aspects of green design. Chapter 3

provides an introduction to the commissioning process, a critical component that

needs to be addressed from the beginning on all truly successful high-performance

building projects, and Chapter 4 covers “Architectural Design Impacts.” Chapter 5,

“The Design Process—Early Stages,” is essential reading for all who are interested

in how the green design process works. Chapter 6 provides an overview of the LEED

certification process for mechanical engineers.

The nitty-gritty engineering aspects start in Chapter 7 and run through

Chapter 16. This is where the reader will find virtually all the practical suggestions

for possible incorporation in a green design, the ASHRAE GreenTips. Chapters 17–

18 cover what happens after the project’s design is done—that is, during construc-

tion and after. There are some sound advice and helpful tips in that section, and even

though it covers a post-design time frame, reading that section should not be put off

until construction begins.

The last section of the book, the Afterword, is the Preface to the First Edition

written by David Grumman, editor of the first edition. The hard work and leadership

that David Grumman, Sheila Hayter, Jordan Heiman, and many other ASHRAE

volunteers provided produced a solid foundation on which to build this and subse-

quent editions of the ASHRAE GreenGuide. Their commitment continues with the

new group of contributors to this second edition.

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