DirectX 11游戏编程基础教程

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" Beginning DirectX 11 Game Programming" 《DirectX 11游戏编程入门》是一本专为初学者设计的编程指南，由Allen Sherrod和Wendy Jones合作撰写，由Course Technology PTR（Cengage Learning的一部分）出版。本书旨在帮助读者快速掌握DirectX 11在游戏开发中的应用，从而进入激动人心的游戏编程世界。 DirectX是微软开发的一套应用程序接口（API），用于Windows平台，主要服务于多媒体和游戏开发。DirectX 11是其一个重要版本，包含了Direct3D（用于3D图形渲染）、DirectInput（处理输入设备）、DirectSound（音频处理）等组件，为开发者提供了高效、低级别的硬件访问能力，使得游戏开发者能够充分利用现代显卡的性能来创建高质量的图形和音效。本书的内容可能涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **DirectX 11基础知识**：介绍DirectX 11的核心概念，包括Direct3D 11的架构、渲染管线、资源管理（纹理、缓冲区等）以及基本的图形绘制操作。 2. **图形编程**：深入讲解3D图形学基础，如顶点着色器、像素着色器、几何着色器，以及如何使用Direct3D进行场景建模和渲染。 3. **DirectInput**：学习如何通过DirectInput获取键盘、鼠标和其他游戏设备的输入，实现玩家交互。 4. **DirectSound与XAudio2**：了解如何使用DirectSound或XAudio2进行音频处理，实现游戏内的声音效果和音乐播放。 5. **多线程编程**：讨论如何利用多核处理器的并行计算能力，提高游戏性能。 6. **DirectX与Windows API集成**：介绍如何在Windows环境下创建游戏窗口，处理消息循环，以及与其他Windows API的协作。 7. **调试与优化**：讲解调试DirectX程序的技巧，以及如何优化图形和性能以适应不同的硬件环境。 8. **案例研究**：通过实际游戏开发项目，演示如何将这些技术整合到一个完整的游戏中。 9. **技术审查**：Wendy Jones作为技术审阅者，确保了书中的内容准确无误，适合初学者学习。《DirectX 11游戏编程入门》是一本全面且实用的教程，适合那些希望踏入游戏开发领域的初学者。它不仅教授DirectX的基本用法，还涵盖了游戏开发的多个重要方面，帮助读者建立起坚实的技术基础。通过阅读本书，读者可以逐步掌握DirectX 11编程的各个方面，并最终能够独立开发出自己的游戏。

hardware, and a powerful API that was being hyped by one of the most

influential software giants in the world.

The most apparent removal in Direct3D 10 was the fixed-function pipeline,

which is essentially a set of rendering states and algorithms built into the API

that allowed for the rendering of objects using common effects. The fixed-

function pipeline was removed in favor of programmable shaders within

graphics hardware. Graphics shaders, which will be discussed throughout this

book, are code written specifically to customize how the graphics hardware

processes geometry. Graphics shaders were first introduced in DirectX 8, but

since then graphics hardware and the Shader Models that they run have evolved

to a point where they have become the star of the API.

In Direct3D 9 we can render geometry, enable lighting by setting a few

properties and rendering states, have the API transform our geometry, and so

forth by calling a few Direct3D function calls. In Direct3D 10 we can do all of

that ourselves and much more in shaders. The key thing for beginners to keep in

mind if this is their first time learning graphics programming is that the fixed-

function pipeline was limited to whatever was built into the API, whereas

shaders allow us to create any effect, limited only by the frame-rate we deem

desirable in our games . Want lighting? Call a Direct3D function to enable it and

set its properties (up to eight lights). Want to render surfaces with more than

one image? Just enable it. If, however, you wish to perform pixel-based motion

blur and depth-of-field, you are out of luck using the fixed-function pipeline.

Often if the fixed-function pipeline does not explicitly support it and you are not

using shaders, you cannot create the effect you want. Although some coders

have found tricks and workarounds to getting some effects created without

shaders, it was often a very difficult and inefficient workaround. I remember

these times well and do not miss them.

Today, if we want to perform bump mapping, we can write a pixel shader that

takes the light direction, performs a calculation using it and the pixel-level

surface direction loaded from a special image known as a normal map, and

combine that with the shading of the final pixel’s color. In the days before

shaders, or even when shaders were limited in the features they provided (such

as the dark ages of register combiners for early versions of OpenGL), this was

impossible, and doing even simple effects like normal mapping back then was

What Is DirectX? 3

DirectX 11 versus OpenGL 4.0

OpenGL has long been considered a rival graphics API to Direct3D. OpenGL

supports platforms outside of Windows-based operating systems, such as Mac

computers, Linux OSs, Apple’s iPhone and iPad, Sony’s Playstation 3 (an

implementation at least), and a variety of mobile devices such as cell phones

and PDAs, along with other platforms. Although the native device creation of

OpenGL can differ from one platform to another, the rest of the API is

considered platform independent, not including the long history of hardware-

specific extensions and feature s from competing entities within the OpenGL

camp. DirectX, on the other hand, is available on the various Windows OSs and

the Xbox game consoles. To be considered DirectX 10 or 11 compatible,

hardware must adhere to a strict compatibility list, whereas prior to DirectX

10 this was not always the case. In the case of OpenGL this often led to vendor-

specific extensions that worked on limited hardware. Incompatibilities within

the hardware market caused rework when trying to achieve the same result on

all supported devices.

The whole Direct3D versus OpenGL debate can often seem like a religious one,

but the fact is that for many years OpenGL has lagged behind Direct3D.

Microsoft has done a great job evolving Direct3D and improving it throughout

the years, but OpenGL has only lagged behind, not keeping its promises as each

new version is released, and time and time again has suffered from the same

problems of yesteryear. When OpenGL 3.0 was first announced, it was thought

that OpenGL would finally move back into a position to rival Direct3D.

Unfortunately, the world of OpenGL has gone through its share of ups and

downs, both within the group behind it and with how the API stacked against

Direct3D, and Direct3D has continued to dominate.

OpenGL 4.0 catches up to many of the publicized features of DirectX 11, most

notably through the support of general-purpose computing using OpenCL and

tessellation, and is positioning itself to be a step closer to the promises that were

never delivered in the past, most notably with OpenGL 2.0 and OpenGL 3.0.

Although OpenGL is not out of the race yet, it unfortunately needs a lot of work

to not only truly rival DirectX but also to win back the hearts and minds of

many of us who turned to Direct3D once OpenGL’s faults became too

numerous. Even if the API catches up, the graphics API race is a lot like high

school where the popular kid wins the election.

What Is DirectX? 5

Why Is DirectX Needed?

Before the release of the Windows operating system, developers were writing

games for DOS. This single-threaded, non-GUI operating system provided

developers with a direct path between their application code and the hardware

it was running on. This had both its advantages and problems. For instance,

because there was a direct path between the game code and the hardware,

developers could pull every ounce of power out of the machine, giving them

complete control over how their game performed. The downside included the

need to either write directly to the hardware or use a variety of third-party

libraries for any hardware they wanted their game title to support, including

even common hardware such as video and sound cards.

Video cards were especially confusing because not all video cards followed the

same standard. Even though most video cards supported a series of common

resolutions, developers were forced to access video memory directly. This made

even drawing to the screen difficult. Developers were definitely looking for a

better and easier way.

When Windows 3.1 was released, it carried with it the same limitations that

DOS had. Since Windows ran on top of DOS, it severely limited the resources

available to games and took away the direct access developers had enjoyed for so

long. Most games written to support Windows at the time consisted mainly of

card and board games, while most games continued to support DOS only.

Microsoft released DX1 as a way of enticing developers to make games for

Windows to prove that the OS wasn’t slow and move people away from DOS-

based systems.

Microsoft’s release of Windows 95 didn’t eliminate any of these problems until

the release of DirectX 1, also known as the Windows Games SDK. It gave

developers a single library to write to, placing a common layer between their

game and the PC hardware; drawing graphics to the screen had just become a

whole lot easier. The first version of DirectX still didn ’t provide support for all

the hardware out there, but it was a great starting point in giving game

developers what they had been waiting for. Over the years, there have been

multiple releases of DirectX, each one improving and adding support for new

technologies such as network play, streaming audio, and new kinds of input

6 Chapter 1

The What, Why, and How of DirectX

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DirectX 11游戏编程基础教程

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DirectX.11游戏编程入门（含示例代码）（英文版）

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