GCC 4.5.3技术手册：编译器详解与使用指南

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本资源是关于GCC 4.5.3版本的GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)技术手册，由Richard Stallman和GCC开发者社区共同编撰，由GNUPress出版。这是一本详细介绍GCC工具链的权威指南，涵盖了编译器的核心功能、用法、优化选项以及相关开发实践。作为一款广泛使用的开源编译器，GCC 4.5.3在C、C++、Fortran等语言的支持上表现出色，并且注重自由软件的原则，遵循GNU Free Documentation License（v1.2或更高版本）。该手册的核心内容包括但不限于： 1. **概述与安装**：介绍了GCC的基本概念，如何获取和安装4.5.3版本的GCC，以及它在Linux、Unix-like系统中的常见应用环境。 2. **语言支持**：详细解析了GCC对C、C++和Fortran等编程语言的支持特性，如语法解析、类型系统和内置函数。 3. **编译选项**：讲解了各种编译选项的含义和使用，如-O系列优化级别（-O1, -O2, -O3），-Wall等警告级别控制，以及针对特定目标平台的编译参数。 4. **链接器和链接过程**：阐述了GCC如何与链接器协同工作，以及如何处理库依赖和动态链接。 5. **调试与性能分析**：提供了如何使用GCC进行源代码调试和性能优化的技巧，如gdb集成和支持的性能剖析工具。 6. **错误处理与诊断**：指导用户如何理解和解决在编译过程中遇到的各种错误和警告，以提升代码质量。 7. **自由软件和开源文化**：强调了GCC作为自由软件的重要性，以及其遵循的开放源码许可协议，鼓励用户参与开源社区和贡献代码。 8. **附录与参考资料**：包含了实用的快捷键、命令行示例，以及指向GCC官方文档和相关资源的链接。对于从事软件开发特别是使用GCC的程序员，这份手册是一个不可或缺的参考工具，可以帮助他们更好地理解和利用GCC的强大功能，同时促进自由软件生态的发展。由于版权原因，纸质版售价为45美元，而电子版则可通过GNU Press网站免费获取，遵照GNU Free Documentation License的条款分享和修改。

Chapter 2: Language Standards Supported by GCC 5

2 Language Standards Supported by GCC

For each language compiled by GCC for which there is a standard, GCC attempts to follow

one or more versions of that standard, possibly with some exceptions, and possibly with

some extensions.

2.1 C language

GCC supports three versions of the C standard, although support for the most recent version

is not yet complete.

The original ANSI C standard (X3.159-1989) was ratiﬁed in 1989 and published in 1990.

This standard was ratiﬁed as an ISO standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990) later in 1990. There

were no te chnical diﬀerences between these publications, although the sections of the ANSI

standard were renumbered and became clauses in the ISO standard. This standard, in

both its forms, is commonly known as C89, or occasionally as C90, from the dates of

ratiﬁcation. The ANSI standard, but not the ISO standard, also came with a Rationale

document. To select this standard in GCC, use one of the options ‘-ansi’, ‘-std=c90’ or

‘-std=iso9899:1990’; to obtain all the diagnostics required by the standard, you should

also specify ‘-pedantic’ (or ‘-pedantic-errors’ if you want them to be errors rather than

warnings). See Section 3.4 [Options C ontrolling C Dialect], page 28.

Errors in the 1990 ISO C standard were corrected in two Technical Corrigenda published

in 1994 and 1996. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

An amendment to the 1990 standard was published in 1995. This amendment added

digraphs and __STDC_VERSION__ to the language, but otherwise concerned the library. This

amendment is commonly known as AMD1; the amended standard is sometimes known as

C94 or C95. To select this standard in GCC, use the option ‘-std=iso9899:199409’ (with,

as for other standard versions, ‘-pedantic’ to rec eive all required diagnostics).

A new edition of the ISO C standard was published in 1999 as ISO/IEC 9899:1999, and

is commonly known as C99. GCC has incomplete support for this standard version; see

http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.5/c99status.html for details. To se lect this standard, use

‘-std=c99’ or ‘-std=iso9899:1999’. (While in development, drafts of this standard version

were referred to as C9X.)

Errors in the 1999 ISO C standard were corrected in three Technical Corrigenda published

in 2001, 2004 and 2007. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

By default, GCC provides some extensions to the C language that on rare o cc asions con-

ﬂict with the C standard. See Chapter 6 [Extensions to the C Language Family], page 277.

Use of the ‘-std’ options listed above will disable these extensions where they conﬂict with

the C standard version selected. You may also selec t an extended version of the C language

explicitly with ‘-std=gnu90’ (for C90 with GNU extensions) or ‘-std=gnu99’ (for C99 with

GNU extensions). The default, if no C language dialect options are given, is ‘-std=gnu90’;

this will change to ‘-std=gnu99’ in some future release when the C99 support is complete.

Some features that are part of the C99 standard are acc epted as extensions in C90 mode.

The ISO C standard deﬁnes (in clause 4) two classes of conforming implementation. A

conforming hosted implementation supports the whole standard including all the library fa-

cilities; a conforming freestanding implementation is only required to provide certain library

facilities: those in <float.h>, <limits.h>, <stdarg.h>, and <stddef.h>; since AMD1,

6 Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)

also those in <iso646.h>; and in C99, also those in <stdbool.h> and <stdint.h>. In ad-

dition, complex types, added in C99, are not required for freestanding implementations. The

standard also deﬁnes two environments for programs, a freestanding environment, required

of all implementations and which may not have library facilities beyond those required of

freestanding implementations, where the handling of program startup and termination are

implementation-deﬁned, and a hosted environment, which is not required, in which all the

library facilities are provided and startup is through a function int main (void) or int

main (int, char *[]). An OS kernel would be a freestanding environment; a program

using the facilities of an operating sys tem would normally be in a hosted implementation.

GCC aims towards being usable as a conforming freestanding implementation, or as the

compiler for a conforming hosted implementation. By default, it will act as the compiler for a

hosted implementation, deﬁning __STDC_HOSTED__ as 1 and presuming that when the names

of ISO C functions are used, they have the se mantics deﬁned in the standard. To make it act

as a conforming freestanding implementation for a freestanding environment, use the option

‘-ffreestanding’; it will then deﬁne __STDC_HOSTED__ to 0 and not make assumptions

about the meanings of function names from the standard library, with exceptions noted

below. To build an OS kernel, you may well still need to make your own arrangements for

linking and startup. See Section 3.4 [Options Controlling C Dialect], page 28.

GCC does not provide the library facilities required only of hosted implementations, nor

yet all the facilities required by C99 of freestanding implementations; to use the facilities

of a hosted environment, you will need to ﬁnd them elsewhere (for example, in the GNU C

library). See Section 11.6 [Standard Libraries], page 596.

Most of the compiler support routines used by GCC are present in ‘libgcc’, but there

are a few exceptions. GCC requires the freestanding environment provide memcpy, memmove,

memset and memcmp. Finally, if __builtin_trap is use d, and the target does not implement

the trap pattern, then GCC will e mit a call to abort.

For references to Technical Corrigenda, Rationale documents and information concerning

the history of C that is available online, se e http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html

2.2 C++ language

GCC supports the ISO C++ standard (1998) and contains experimental support for the

upcoming ISO C++ standard (200x).

The original ISO C++ standard was published as the ISO standard (ISO/IEC 14882:1998)

and amended by a Technical Corrigenda published in 2003 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). These

standards are referred to as C++98 and C++03, respectively. GCC implements the m ajority

of C++98 (export is a notable e xception) and most of the changes in C++03. To select this

standard in GCC, use one of the options ‘-ansi’ or ‘-std=c++98’; to obtain all the diagnos-

tics required by the standard, you should also specify ‘-pedantic’ (or ‘-pedantic-errors’

if you want them to be errors rather than warnings).

The ISO C++ committee is working on a new ISO C++ standard, dubbed C++0x,

that is intended to be published by 2009. C++0x contains several changes to the

C++ language, some of which have been implemented in an experimental C++0x

mode in GCC. The C++0x mode in GCC tracks the draft working paper for the

C++0x standard; the latest working paper is available on the ISO C++ commit-

tee’s web site at http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/. For information

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