CLR通过C#探索微软框架

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"CLR via c# 是一本深度探讨C#编程与.NET Framework核心组件，特别是公共语言运行时（Common Language Runtime, CLR）的经典书籍。作者Jeffrey Richter以其深入浅出的写作风格，揭示了CLR的工作原理以及如何利用C#进行高效、优化的开发。这本书不仅适合经验丰富的C#开发者，也对那些希望深入了解.NET平台内部机制的程序员具有极高价值。" "本书的内容涵盖广泛，包括但不限于以下几个方面： 1. CLR基础：介绍CLR作为.NET Framework的核心，它是如何管理和执行C#代码的，包括内存管理（垃圾回收）、类型系统、异常处理、安全模型等基本概念。 2. C#语言特性：深入解析C#的关键特性，如面向对象编程、泛型、属性、接口、委托、事件、匿名方法、Lambda表达式以及C#的最新版本中引入的新特性。 3. 应用程序域（AppDomain）和进程间通信（IPC）：阐述应用程序域的概念，它是.NET中实现隔离和安全策略的重要机制，以及如何在不同应用程序域之间进行通信。 4. 高级内存管理：详细讨论垃圾收集的工作原理、性能调优策略，以及如何有效管理内存，避免内存泄漏。 5. 动态编程：介绍C#中的动态类型和DLR（Dynamic Language Runtime）的使用，使得C#可以更灵活地与其他动态语言交互。 6. 并发和多线程：讲解.NET中的线程模型，包括线程同步、线程池、异步编程模型（如Task和async/await）以及并发控制策略。 7. ADO.NET和数据库交互：讨论如何使用C#连接和操作数据库，包括SQL Server和其他数据源，以及使用LINQ进行数据查询。 8. Windows服务和IIS集成：介绍如何创建和部署Windows服务，以及与IIS（Internet Information Services）的集成，以支持Web应用程序。 9. 性能分析和调试：提供有关性能优化的建议，包括代码审查、性能计数器、内存分析工具的使用，以及如何有效地调试.NET应用。 10. .NET框架类库：深入探索BCL（Base Class Library）和FCL（Framework Class Library），包括集合、文件系统操作、网络编程、XML处理等。此外，书中还包含大量的实战示例和代码片段，帮助读者将理论知识转化为实际应用。每章结尾通常有习题和思考题，鼓励读者深入思考并实践所学内容。'CLR via c#'是一本全面且深入的.NET编程指南，对于提升C#开发者的技术深度和广度具有重要作用。"

xvi Introduction

Web Forms, and so on, the technologies presented in the book are applicable to all these

application types.

The book addresses Microsoft Visual Studio 2010, .NET Framework version 4.0, and version 4.0

of the C# programming language. Since Microsoft tries to maintain a large degree of back-

ward compatibility when releasing a new version of these technologies, many of the things

I discuss in this book apply to earlier versions as well. All the code samples use the C#

programming language as a way to demonstrate the behavior of the various facilities. But,

since the CLR is usable by many programming languages, the book’s content is still quite

applicable for the non-C# programmer.

Note You can download the code shown in the book from Wintellect’s Web site

(http://Wintellect.com). In some parts of the book, I describe classes in my own Power

Threading Library. This library is available free of charge and can also be downloaded from

Wintellect’s Web site.

Today, Microsoft offers several versions of the CLR. There is the desktop/server version, which

runs on 32-bit x86 versions of Microsoft Windows as well as 64-bit x64 and IA64 versions

of Windows. There is the Silverlight version, which is produced from the same source code

base as the desktop/server version of the .NET Framework’s CLR. Therefore, everything in this

book applies to building Silverlight applications, with the exception of some differences in

how Silverlight loads assemblies. There is also a “lite” version of the .NET Framework called

the .NET Compact Framework, which is available for Windows Mobile phones and other

devices running the Windows CE operating system. Much of the information presented in

this book is applicable to developing applications for the .NET Compact Framework, but this

platform is not the primary focus of this book.

On December 13, 2001, ECMA International (http://www.ecma-international.org/) accepted

the C# programming language, portions of the CLR, and portions of the FCL as standards.

The standards documents that resulted from this have allowed other organizations to build

ECMA-compliant versions of these technologies for other CPU architectures, as well as other

operating systems. In fact, Novell produces Moonlight (http://www.mono-project.com

/Moonlight), an open-source implementation of Silverlight (http://Silverlight.net) that is

primarily for Linux and other UNIX/X11-based operating systems. Moonlight is based on the

ECMA speciﬁcations. Much of the content in this book is about these standards; therefore,

many will ﬁnd this book useful for working with any runtime/library implementation that ad-

heres to the ECMA standard.

Introduction xvii

Note My editors and I have worked hard to bring you the most accurate, up-to-date, in-depth,

easy-to-read, painless-to-understand, bug-free information. Even with this fantastic team

assembled, however, things inevitably slip through the cracks. If you ﬁnd any mistakes in this

book (especially bugs) or have some constructive feedback, I would greatly appreciate it if you

would contact me at JeffreyR@Wintellect.com.

Dedication

To Kristin Words cannot express how I feel about our life together. I cherish our family and

all our adventures. I’m ﬁlled each day with love for you.

To Aidan (age 6) and Grant (age 2) You both have been an inspiration to me and have

taught me to play and have fun. Watching the two of you grow up has been so rewarding

and enjoyable for me. I am lucky to be able to partake in your lives. I love and appreciate you

more than you could ever know.

Acknowledgments

I couldn’t have written this book without the help and technical assistance of many people.

In particular, I’d like to thank my family. The amount of time and effort that goes into writing

a book is hard to measure. All I know is that I could not have produced this book without the

support of my wife, Kristin, and my two sons, Aidan and Grant. There were many times when

we wanted to spend time together but were unable to due to book obligations. Now that the

book project is completed, I really look forward to adventures we will all share together.

For this book revision, I truly had some fantastic people helping me. Christophe Nasarre,

who I’ve worked with on several book projects, has done just a phenomenal job of verifying

my work and making sure that I’d said everything the best way it could possibly be said. He

has truly had a signiﬁcant impact on the quality of this book. As always, the Microsoft Press

editorial team is a pleasure to work with. I’d like to extend a special thank you to Ben Ryan,

Valerie Woolley, and Devon Musgrave. Also, thanks to Jean Findley and Sue McClung for

their editing and production support.

Support for This Book

Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this book. As corrections or changes

are collected, they will be added to a Microsoft Knowledge Base article accessible via the

Microsoft Help and Support site. Microsoft Press provides support for books, including

instructions for ﬁnding Knowledge Base articles, at the following Web site:

http://www.microsoft.com/learning/support/books/

Chapter 1

The CLR’s Execution Model

In this chapter:

Compiling Source Code into Managed Modules............................ 1

Combining Managed Modules into Assemblies ............................ 5

Loading the Common Language Runtime .................................6

Executing Your Assembly’s Code ......................................... 9

The Native Code Generator Tool: NGen.exe...............................18

The Framework Class Library............................................20

The Common Type System .............................................22

The Common Language Speciﬁcation....................................25

Interoperability with Unmanaged Code ..................................29

The Microsoft .NET Framework introduces many new concepts, technologies, and terms. My

goal in this chapter is to give you an overview of how the .NET Framework is designed, intro-

duce you to some of the new technologies the framework includes, and deﬁne many of the

terms you’ll be seeing when you start using it. I’ll also take you through the process of build-

ing your source code into an application or a set of redistributable components (ﬁles) that

contain types (classes, structures, etc.) and then explain how your application will execute.

Compiling Source Code into Managed Modules

OK, so you’ve decided to use the .NET Framework as your development platform. Great! Your

ﬁrst step is to determine what type of application or component you intend to build. Let’s

just assume that you’ve completed this minor detail; everything is designed, the speciﬁca-

tions are written, and you’re ready to start development.

Now you must decide which programming language to use. This task is usually difﬁcult

because different languages offer different capabilities. For example, in unmanaged C/C++,

you have pretty low-level control of the system. You can manage memory exactly the way

you want to, create threads easily if you need to, and so on. Microsoft Visual Basic 6, on the

other hand, allows you to build UI applications very rapidly and makes it easy for you to

control COM objects and databases.

The common language runtime (CLR) is just what its name says it is: a runtime that is usable by

different and varied programming languages. The core features of the CLR (such as memory

2 Part I CLR Basics

management, assembly loading, security, exception handling, and thread synchronization)

are available to any and all programming languages that target it—period. For example, the

runtime uses exceptions to report errors, so all languages that target the runtime also get

errors reported via exceptions. Another example is that the runtime also allows you to create

a thread, so any language that targets the runtime can create a thread.

In fact, at runtime, the CLR has no idea which programming language the developer used for

the source code. This means that you should choose whatever programming language allows

you to express your intentions most easily. You can develop your code in any programming

language you desire as long as the compiler you use to compile your code targets the CLR.

So, if what I say is true, what is the advantage of using one programming language over

another? Well, I think of compilers as syntax checkers and “correct code” analyzers. They

examine your source code, ensure that whatever you’ve written makes some sense, and then

output code that describes your intention. Different programming languages allow you to

develop using different syntax. Don’t underestimate the value of this choice. For mathemati-

cal or ﬁnancial applications, expressing your intentions by using APL syntax can save many

days of development time when compared to expressing the same intention by using Perl

syntax, for example.

Microsoft has created several language compilers that target the runtime: C++/CLI, C# (pro-

nounced “C sharp”), Visual Basic, F# (pronounced “F sharp”), Iron Python, Iron Ruby, and an

Intermediate Language (IL) Assembler. In addition to Microsoft, several other companies, col-

leges, and universities have created compilers that produce code to target the CLR. I’m aware

of compilers for Ada, APL, Caml, COBOL, Eiffel, Forth, Fortran, Haskell, Lexico, LISP, LOGO,

Lua, Mercury, ML, Mondrian, Oberon, Pascal, Perl, Php, Prolog, RPG, Scheme, Smalltalk, and

Tcl/Tk.

Figure 1-1 shows the process of compiling source code ﬁles. As the ﬁgure shows, you can cre-

ate source code ﬁles written in any programming language that supports the CLR. Then you

use the corresponding compiler to check the syntax and analyze the source code. Regardless

of which compiler you use, the result is a managed module. A managed module is a standard

32-bit Microsoft Windows portable executable (PE32) ﬁle or a standard 64-bit Windows

portable executable (PE32+) ﬁle that requires the CLR to execute. By the way, managed

assemblies always take advantage of Data Execution Prevention (DEP) and Address Space

Layout Randomization (ASLR) in Windows; these two features improve the security of your

whole system.

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