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Linux C编程全面教程
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“Linux C编程一站式学习”是一本由宋劲杉编著,北京亚嵌教育研究中心出版的教程,主要针对想要在Linux环境下进行C语言编程的学习者。该资源提供了全面的C语言基础知识以及在Linux系统中的实践应用,包括C语言入门、常量变量表达式、函数、分支和循环语句、结构体、数组、编码风格、调试工具gdb的使用,以及排序和查找算法等核心概念。
在C语言入门部分,作者介绍了程序的基本概念,如程序与编程语言的差异,以及自然语言与形式语言的区别。通过调试来帮助理解程序的运行过程,并通过编写第一个简单的“Hello, World!”程序来引导初学者入门。
常量、变量和表达式是C语言的基础。常量用于表示不可变的值,变量则用于存储可变数据,而表达式则是计算和操作这些值的组合。此外,字符类型和字符编码的介绍有助于理解字符数据的处理方式。
函数在C语言中扮演着关键角色。教程涵盖了数学函数的使用,以及如何创建自定义函数,包括形参和实参、局部变量与全局变量的区别。深入讲解了函数的返回值(return语句)、递归以及增量式开发方法。
分支语句(if、if/else、switch)和循环语句(while、do/while、for、break、continue、嵌套循环、goto)是控制流程的关键工具。通过这些,程序员可以实现条件判断和重复执行代码。
结构体允许创建复合数据类型,用于组织和管理复杂的数据结构。数据抽象是软件工程中的重要概念,通过结构体和数据类型标志可以实现。嵌套结构体允许在结构体内包含其他结构体。
数组是C语言中存储一系列相同类型数据的重要手段,教程涵盖了一维、多维数组,以及如何在实际问题中应用数组,如统计随机数和绘制直方图。字符串作为一种特殊的字符数组也被详细讨论。
编码风格部分强调了代码的可读性和可维护性,包括缩进、注释、标识符命名规范,以及推荐使用indent工具来自动格式化代码。
调试工具gdb的使用是程序员必备技能,教程涵盖了单步执行、设置断点、观察点以及如何处理段错误。
最后,教程还涉及了算法基础,如排序(插入排序、归并排序)和查找(线性查找、折半查找),以及栈和队列这两种重要的数据结构,这些都是解决实际编程问题时不可或缺的知识。
“Linux C编程一站式学习”为学习者提供了一个全面且实用的C语言学习平台,特别适合那些希望在Linux环境下进行C语言编程的初学者和进阶者。通过此资源,读者不仅可以掌握C语言的基本语法,还能了解到在实际编程中如何运用这些知识。
附录 C. GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
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附录 C. GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
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前言
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前言
这本书有什么特点?面向什么样的读者?
这本书最初是为北京亚嵌教育研究中心的嵌入式Linux系统工程师就业班课程量身定做的教材之一。该
课程是为期四个月的全日制职业培训,要求学员毕业时具备非常Solid的C编程能力,能熟练地使
用Linux系统,同时对计算机体系结构与指令集、操作系统原理和设备驱动程序都有较深入的了解。然
而学员入学时的水平是非常初级而且参差不齐的:学历有专科、本科也有研究生,专业有和计算机相关
的也有很不相关的(例如会计专业),以前从事的职业有和技术相关的也有完全不相关的(例
如HR),年龄从二十出头到三十五六岁的都有。这么多背景完全不同、基础完全不同、思维习惯和理
解能力完全不同的人来听同一堂课,大家都迫切希望学会嵌入式开发技术,投身IT行业,这就是职业教
育的特点,也是我编这本书时需要考虑的主要问题。
学习编程绝不是一件简单的事,尤其是对于零基础的初学者来说。大学的计算机专业有四年时间从零基
础开始培养一个人,微积分、线代、随机、离散、组合、自动机、编译原理、操作系统、计算机组成原
理等等一堆基础课,再加上C/C++、Java、数据库、网络、软件工程、计算机图形学等等一堆专业课,
最后培养出一个能找到工作的学生。很遗憾这最后一条很多学校没有做好,来亚嵌培训的很多学生就是
四年这么学过来的,但据我们考查他们的基础几乎为零,我不知道为什么。与之形成鲜明对比的是,只
给我们四个月的时间,同样要求从零基础开始,最后培养出一个能找到工作的学生,而且还要保证他找
到工作,这就是职业教育的特点。
为什么我说“只给我们四个月的时间”呢?我们倒是想教四年呢,但学时的长短我们做不了主,是由市场
规律决定的。四年的任务要求四个月做好,要怎么完成这样一个几乎不可能的任务?有些职业教育给出
的答案是“实用主义”,打出了“有用就学,没有用就不学”的口号,大肆贬低说大学里教的基础课都是过
时的、无用的,只有他们教的技术才是实用的,这种炒作很不好,我认为大学里教的每一门课都是非常
有用的,基础知识在任何时候都不会过时,倒是那些时髦的“实用技术”有可能很快就过时了。
四年的任务怎么才能用四个月做好?我们给出的答案是“优化”。现在大学里安排的课程体系最大的缺点
就是根本不考虑优化。每个过来人都会有这样的感觉:大一大二学了好多数学课,却不知道都是干什么
用的,为什么要学。连它有什么用都不知道怎么能有兴趣学好呢?然后到大三大四学专业课时,用到以
前的知识了,才发现以前学的数学是多么有用,然而早就忘得一干二净了,考完试都还给老师了,回头
重新学吧,这时候才发现很多东西以前根本没学明白,现在才真的学明白了,那么前两年的时间岂不是
都浪费了?大学里的课程体系还有一个缺点就是不灵活,每门课必须占一个学期,必须由一个老师教,
不同课程的老师之间没有任何沟通和衔接,其实这些课程之间是相互依赖的,把它们强行拆开是极不符
合人的认知规律的。比如我大一的上半学期就被逼着学C语言,其实C语言是一门很难的编程语言,不
懂编译原理、操作系统和计算机体系结构根本不可能学明白,那半个学期自然就浪费掉了。当时几乎所
有学校的计算机相关专业都是这样,大一上来就学C语言,有的学校更疯狂,上来就学C++,导致大多
数学生的C语言都是半吊子水平,写出来的都是垃圾代码,为一个Bug搞得焦头烂额,却没有机会再系
统地学一遍C语言,因为在学校看来,C语言课早在大一就给你“上完了”,就像一顿饭已经吃完了,没
有理由让你把这顿饭重吃一遍。显而易见,如果要认真地对这些课程做优化,的确是有很多水份可以挤
的。
本书有以下特点:
不是孤立地讲C语言,而是和编译原理、操作系统、计算机体系结构结合起来讲。或者说,本书
的内容只是以C语言为载体,真正讲的是计算机的原理和程序的原理。
充分考虑到概念的前后依赖关系,每次引入一个新的概念,只依赖于前面章节已经讲过的概念,
而绝不会依赖后面章节要讲的概念,读者只需要从前到后阅读即可。有些地方为了叙述得完整,
“ XX XX ”
也会引用后面要讲的内容,比如说 有关 我们到 章再仔细讲解 ,凡是这种引用都可以当它不
存在,只管继续往下看就行了。
尽量做到每个知识点直到要用的时候才引入。过早引入一个知识点,讲完了又不用它,读者很快
就会遗忘,这是不符合认知规律的。
这是一本从零基础开始学习编程的书,当然不要求读者有任何编程经验。但至少需要具备以下素质:
熟悉Linux系统的基本操作。如果不具备这一点,请先参考其它教材学习Linux系统的基本操作,
熟练之后再学习本书。
具有高中毕业的数学水平。本书会用到高中的数学知识,事实上,如果不具有高中毕业的数学水
平,也可以不必考虑做程序员了。但并不是说只要具有高中毕业的数学水平就足够做程序员了,
只能说看这本书应该没有问题,数学是程序员最重要的修养,计算机科学其实就是数学的一个分
支,如果你的数学功底很差,日后还需恶补一下。
具有高中毕业的英文水平。理由同上。
又是一本C语言书。好吧,为什么我要学这本书而不是谭浩强或
者K&R?
谭浩强的书我就不说什么了。居然教学生include一个.c文件。
K&R是公认的世界上最经典的C语言教程,这点毫无疑问。在C标准出台之前,K&R第一版就是事实上
的C标准。C89标准出台之后,K&R跟着标准推出了第二版,可惜此后就没有更新过了,所以不能反
映C89之后C语言的发展以及最新的C99标准,本书在这方面做了很多补充。上面我说过了,这本书与
其说是讲C语言,不如说是以C语言为载体讲计算机和操作系统的原理,而K&R就是为了讲C语言而
讲C语言,侧重点不同,内容编排也很不相同。K&R写得非常好,代码和语言都非常简洁,但很可惜,
只有会C语言的人才懂得欣赏它,K&R是非常不适合入门学习的,尤其不适合零基础的学生入门学习。
这本书“是什么”和“不是什么”
本书包括三大部分:
C语言入门。介绍基本的C语法,帮助没有任何编程经验的读者理解什么是程序,怎么写程序,培
养程序员的思维习惯,找到编程的感觉。前半部分改编自
[ThinkCpp]。
C语言本质。结合计算机和操作系统的原理讲解C程序是怎么编译、链接、运行的,同时全面介
绍C的语法。位运算的章节改编自亚嵌教育林小竹老师的讲义。汇编语言的章节改编
自
[GroudUp],在这本书的最后一章提到,学习编程有两种Approach,一种是Bottom Up,一种
是Top Down,各有优缺点,需要两者结合起来。所以我编这本书的思路是,第一部分Top
Down,第二部分Bottom Up,第三部分可以算填了中间的空隙,三部分全都围绕C语言展开。
Linux系统编程。介绍各种Linux系统函数和内核的工作原理。Socket编程的章节改编自亚嵌教育
卫剑钒老师的讲义。
这本书定位在入门级,虽然内容很多,但不是一本百科全书,除了C语言基本要讲透之外其它内容都不
深入,书中列出了很多参考资料,是读者进一步学习的起点。K&R的第一章是一个Whirlwind Tour,把
全书的内容简单过了一遍,然后再逐个深入进去讲解。本书也可以看作是计算机专业课程体系的一
个Whirlwind Tour,学习完本书之后有了一个全局观,再去学习那些参考资料就应该很容易上手了。
为什么要在Linux平台上学C语言?用Windows学C语言不好吗?
用Windows还真的是学不好C语言。C语言是一种面向底层的编程语言,要写好C程序,必须对操作系
统的工作原理非常清楚,因为操作系统也是用C写的,我们用C写应用程序直接使用操作系统提供的接
Linux
口。既然你选择了看这本书,你一定了解: 是一种开源的操作系统,你有任何疑问都可以从源代
码和文档中找到答案,即使你看不懂源代码,也找不到文档,也很容易找个高手教你,各种邮件列表、
新闻组和论坛上从来都不缺乐于助人的高手;而Windows是一种封闭的操作系统,除了微软的员工别人
都看不到它的源代码,只能通过文档去猜测它的工作原理,更糟糕的是,微软向来喜欢藏着揶着,好用
的功能留着自己用,而不会写到文档里公开。本书的第一部分在Linux或Windows平台上学习都可以,
但第二部分和第三部分介绍了很多Linux操作系统的原理以帮助读者更深入地理解C语言,只能
在Linux平台上学习。
Windows平台上的开发工具往往和各种集成开发环境(IDE,Integrated Development
Environment)绑在一起,例如Visual Studio、Eclipse等。使用IDE确实很便捷,但IDE对于初学者绝对
不是好东西。微软喜欢宣扬傻瓜式编程的理念,告诉你用鼠标拖几个控件,然后点一个按钮就可以编译
出程序来,但是真正有用的程序有哪个是这么拖出来的?很多从Windows平台入门学编程的人,编了好
几年程序,还是只知道编完程序点一个按钮就可以跑了,把几个源文件拖到一个项目里就可以编译到一
起了,如果有更复杂的需求他们就傻眼了,因为他们脑子里只有按钮、菜单的概念,根本没有编译器、
链接器、Makefile的概念,甚至连命令行都没用过,然而这些都是初学编程就应该建立起来的基本概
念。另一方面,编译器、链接器和C语言的语法有密切的关系,不了解编译器、链接器的工作原理,也
不可能真正掌握C的语法。所以,IDE并没有帮助你学习,而是阻碍了你学习,本来要学好C编程只要把
语法和编译命令学会就行了,现在有了IDE,除了学会语法和编译命令,你还得弄清楚编译命令
和IDE是怎么集成的,这才算学明白了,本来就很复杂的学习任务被IDE搞得更加复杂了。Linux用户的
使用习惯从来都是以敲命令为主,以鼠标操作为辅,从学编程的第一天起就要敲命令编译程序,等到你
把这些基本概念都搞清楚了,你觉得哪个IDE好用你再去用,不过到那时候你可能会更喜欢
vi或emacs而
不是IDE了。
致谢
本书的写作得到北京亚嵌教育研究中心的全力支持,尤其感谢李明老师和何家胜老师,没有公司的支
持,我不可能有时间有条件写这本书,也不可能有机会将这本书公开在网上。
然后要感谢亚嵌教育的历届学员和各位老师,在教学和讨论过程中我经常会得到有益的启发,这些都促
使这本书更加完善。在本书写作过程中,很多读者为本书提出很有价值的建议,很多建议是通过网友的
在线评论得到的,我只知道id或email。都列在下面,排名不分先后。
感谢北京亚嵌教育研究中心的老师们:李明,何家胜,邸海霞,郎铁山,朱仲涛,廖文江,韩超,吴
岳,邢文鹏,何晓龙,林小竹,卫剑钒。
感谢热心网
友:ddd(ddd@clf.net),wuyulei(wuyulei0210@163.com),comma(commapopo@hotmail.com
),田伟(sioungiep@zzxy.org),田雨(tianyu_1123@hotmail.com
),daidai(daidai0628@sina.com),邓楠(monnand@gmail.com),杜朴风
(cplusplus@zzxy.org),Zoom.Quiet(zoom.quiet@gmail.com),陈老师(cljcore@gmail.com),
杨景(yangbajing@gmail.com),章钰
(buptzhangyu@163.com),chen(cry2133@gmail.com),jackchang.sz(jackchang.sz@gmail.com
),
Jiawei Zhang(rhythm.zhang@gmail.com),waterloo(waterloo2005@gmail.com),张现超
(zxqianrong@gmail.com,http://zxqianrong.is-programmer.com/),曾宇(uyucn@163.com),董
俊波(dongjunbo@gmail.com)。
在写作过程中我遇到过很多困难,失意,繁忙,对未来的迷茫,生活压力大,缺乏安全感,个人的琐事
等等。然而有这么多热心的同学、朋友、网友在等着看我的书更新,给我提建议希望我把书改得更完
善,这是我坚持写下去的最大的动力。谢谢你们!
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