GCC 13.1.0 使用指南：Richard M. Stallman 的贡献

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"Richard M. Stallman and the GCC Developer Community - gcc标准，For gcc version 13.1.0，由理查德·斯托曼编写的关于GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 的指南" 本文档详细介绍了如何使用GNU Compiler Collection（GCC），针对版本13.1.0，这是由Richard M. Stallman和GCC开发者社区共同编写的。GCC是一个强大的开源编译器套件，广泛应用于各种操作系统和平台，包括嵌入式系统。它支持多种编程语言，如C、C++、Fortran、Objective-C等，并且是自由软件基金会（FSF）的重要项目之一。 GCC不仅是一个编译器，它还包含了预处理器、编译器、汇编器和链接器等一系列工具，用于将源代码转换为可执行程序。在GCC 13.1.0版本中，用户可以期待最新的优化、错误检测和警告功能，以及对新标准的支持。在使用GCC时，开发者需要注意与特定版本兼容的编程标准，例如C++11、C++14或C++17等。此外，文档可能涵盖如何配置GCC以满足特定的编译需求，例如针对嵌入式系统的交叉编译设置。对于嵌入式开发，GCC提供了构建轻量级系统和高效利用资源的能力。该文档遵循GNU Free Documentation License，这意味着任何人都可以自由地复制、分发和修改文档，体现了自由软件的精神。文档的不变部分（Invariant Sections）包括了对自由软件的资助（Funding Free Software）等内容，而前封面和后封面的文本则强调了GNU手册的自由性质：你可以自由地复制和修改这个GNU手册，就像GNU软件一样。通过这份指南，读者将能够学习到如何有效地使用GCC进行编译、调试和优化代码，以及如何参与到GCC社区，共享知识和改进这个重要的开源工具。对于专业开发人员和初学者来说，这是一份宝贵的资源，能够帮助他们充分利用GCC的功能，提高软件开发效率和质量。

2 Language Standards Supported by GCC

For each language compiled by GCC for which there is a standard, GCC attempts to follow

one or more versions of that standard, possibly with some exceptions, and possibly with

some extensions.

2.1 C Language

The original ANSI C standard (X3.159-1989) was ratiﬁed in 1989 and published in 1990.

This standard was ratiﬁed as an ISO standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990) later in 1990. There

were no technical diﬀerences between these publications, although the sections of the ANSI

standard were renumbered and became clauses in the ISO standard. The ANSI standard,

but not the ISO standard, also came with a Rationale document. This standard, in both its

forms, is commonly known as C89, or occasionally as C90, from the dates of ratiﬁcation. To

select this standard in GCC, use one of the options -ansi, -std=c90 or -std=iso9899:1990;

to obtain all the diagnostics required by the standard, you should also specify -pedantic

(or -pedantic-errors if you want them to be errors rather than warnings). See Section 3.4

[Options Controlling C Dialect], page 42.

Errors in the 1990 ISO C standard were corrected in two Technical Corrigenda published

in 1994 and 1996. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

An amendment to the 1990 standard was published in 1995. This amendment added

digraphs and __STDC_VERSION__ to the language, but otherwise concerned the library. This

amendment is commonly known as AMD1; the amended standard is sometimes known as

C94 or C95. To select this standard in GCC, use the option -std=iso9899:199409 (with,

as for other standard versions, -pedantic to receive all required diagnostics).

A new edition of the ISO C standard was published in 1999 as ISO/IEC 9899:1999, and

is commonly known as C99. (While in development, drafts of this standard version were

referred to as C9X.) GCC has substantially complete support for this standard version; see

https://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html for details. To select this standard, use -std=c99

or -std=iso9899:1999.

Errors in the 1999 ISO C standard were corrected in three Technical Corrigenda published

in 2001, 2004 and 2007. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

A fourth version of the C standard, known as C11, was published in 2011 as ISO/IEC

9899:2011. (While in development, drafts of this standard version were referred to as

C1X.) GCC has substantially complete support for this standard, enabled with -std=c11 or

-std=iso9899:2011. A version with corrections integrated was prepared in 2017 and pub-

lished in 2018 as ISO/IEC 9899:2018; it is known as C17 and is supported with -std=c17 or

-std=iso9899:2017; the corrections are also applied with -std=c11, and the only diﬀerence

between the options is the value of __STDC_VERSION__.

A further version of the C standard, known as C2X, is under development; experimental

and incomplete support for this is enabled with -std=c2x.

By default, GCC provides some extensions to the C language that, on rare occasions con-

ﬂict with the C standard. See Chapter 6 [Extensions to the C Language Family], page 541.

Some features that are part of the C99 standard are accepted as extensions in C90 mode,

and some features that are part of the C11 standard are accepted as extensions in C90

4 Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)

and C99 modes. Use of the -std options listed above disables these extensions where they

conﬂict with the C standard version selected. You may also select an extended version of

the C language explicitly with -std=gnu90 (for C90 with GNU extensions), -std=gnu99

(for C99 with GNU extensions) or -std=gnu11 (for C11 with GNU extensions).

The default, if no C language dialect options are given, is -std=gnu17.

The ISO C standard deﬁnes (in clause 4) two classes of conforming implementation. A

conforming hosted implementation supports the whole standard including all the library

facilities; a conforming freestanding implementation is only required to provide certain

library facilities: those in <float.h>, <limits.h>, <stdarg.h>, and <stddef.h>; since

AMD1, also those in <iso646.h>; since C99, also those in <stdbool.h> and <stdint.h>;

and since C11, also those in <stdalign.h> and <stdnoreturn.h>. In addition, complex

types, added in C99, are not required for freestanding implementations.

The standard also deﬁnes two environments for programs, a freestanding environment,

required of all implementations and which may not have library facilities beyond those

required of freestanding implementations, where the handling of program startup and ter-

mination are implementation-deﬁned; and a hosted environment, which is not required,

in which all the library facilities are provided and startup is through a function int main

(void) or int main (int, char *[]). An OS kernel is an example of a program running

in a freestanding environment; a program using the facilities of an operating system is an

example of a program running in a hosted environment.

GCC aims towards being usable as a conforming freestanding implementation, or as the

compiler for a conforming hosted implementation. By default, it acts as the compiler for a

hosted implementation, deﬁning __STDC_HOSTED__ as 1 and presuming that when the names

of ISO C functions are used, they have the semantics deﬁned in the standard. To make it act

as a conforming freestanding implementation for a freestanding environment, use the option

-ffreestanding; it then deﬁnes __STDC_HOSTED__ to 0 and does not make assumptions

about the meanings of function names from the standard library, with exceptions noted

below. To build an OS kernel, you may well still need to make your own arrangements for

linking and startup. See Section 3.4 [Options Controlling C Dialect], page 42.

GCC does not provide the library facilities required only of hosted implementations, nor

yet all the facilities required by C99 of freestanding implementations on all platforms. To

use the facilities of a hosted environment, you need to ﬁnd them elsewhere (for example, in

the GNU C library). See Section 14.5 [Standard Libraries], page 972.

Most of the compiler support routines used by GCC are present in libgcc, but there are

a few exceptions. GCC requires the freestanding environment provide memcpy, memmove,

memset and memcmp. Finally, if __builtin_trap is used, and the target does not implement

the trap pattern, then GCC emits a call to abort.

For references to Technical Corrigenda, Rationale documents and information concerning

the history of C that is available online, see https://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html

2.2 C++ Language

GCC supports the original ISO C++ standard published in 1998, and the 2011, 2014, 2017

and mostly 2020 revisions.

The original ISO C++ standard was published as the ISO standard (ISO/IEC 14882:1998)

and amended by a Technical Corrigenda published in 2003 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). These

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