OpenGL ES 3.2 规范详解

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"OpenGL ES 3.2规格说明书" OpenGL ES（OpenGL for Embedded Systems）是OpenGL的一个版本，专门针对嵌入式设备，特别是移动设备如智能手机和平板电脑设计。OpenGL ES 3.2是该标准的一个重要升级，它旨在提供更高效、功能更强大的图形处理能力，同时吸取了桌面版OpenGL的先进特性。 OpenGL ES 3.2的主要新特性包括： 1. **增强的着色语言GLSL ES 3.20**：GLSL（OpenGL Shading Language）是编写GPU着色器的语言，版本3.20引入了新的数据类型、函数和属性，提供了更灵活的编程模型，使得开发者能够创建更复杂的视觉效果。 2. **支持现代图形特性**：例如，增加了对可编程顶点管道的支持，使开发者能够自定义顶点处理；加入了几何着色器，允许在多边形阶段进行更精细的控制；还有 tessellation（细分表面）功能，可以提高模型的细节级别。 3. **扩展兼容性**：OpenGL ES 3.2引入了对桌面OpenGL的一些扩展，比如ARB_arrays_of_arrays、EXT_shader_integer_mix等，这些扩展提供了与桌面系统更一致的编程体验。 4. **图形API一致性**：OpenGL ES 3.2努力提升与其他版本的API一致性，减少移植代码时的障碍，使得开发者更容易将应用从一个平台迁移到另一个平台。 5. **图形调试和分析工具**：新版本增强了对图形调试和分析工具的支持，帮助开发者找出性能瓶颈和错误，优化图形性能。 6. **Vulkan兼容性**：虽然不是直接特性，但OpenGL ES 3.2的发布是为了更好地与Khronos Group的另一项低级图形API——Vulkan兼容，使得开发者能够在需要高性能计算的场合切换到Vulkan。 7. **增强的纹理格式支持**：包括对高动态范围（HDR）纹理的支持，以及对更多压缩纹理格式的添加，以优化内存使用和渲染效率。 8. **多采样抗锯齿（MSAA）改进**：提供了更好的多采样抗锯齿支持，提高了图像质量。 9. **扩展的framebuffer对象（FBO）**：支持更多的附件类型和混合操作，使得开发者在离屏渲染和后期处理中有更多的选择。 10. **图形管道状态查询**：允许开发者在运行时查询图形管道的状态，以便更好地理解和控制渲染过程。为了实施OpenGL ES 3.2并使用Khronos Group的商标，开发者必须成为Khronos Group的采用者，并遵循其知识产权政策，这通常涉及到通过认证测试以确保实现与规范的一致性。Khronos Group的这种模式保证了跨平台的兼容性和互操作性，是OpenGL ES成功的关键因素之一。 OpenGL ES 3.2为移动设备带来了桌面级的图形处理能力，提升了游戏和应用程序的视觉体验，同时也为开发者提供了更多工具和灵活性来优化他们的图形代码。

LIST OF TABLES xiv

12.2 Output types for OpenGL ES Shading Language variables . . . . 342

12.3 Provoking vertex selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

14.1 Correspondence of ﬁltered texture components to texture base

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

15.1 RGB and alpha blend equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

15.2 Blending functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

15.3 Advanced Blend Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

15.4 Hue-Saturation-Luminosity Advanced Blend Equations . . . . . . 393

15.5 Buffer selection for a framebuffer object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

16.1 PixelStorei parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

16.2 ReadPixels GL data types and reversed component conversion for-

mulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

16.3 Compatible internal formats for copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

16.4 Compatible internal formats for CopyImageSubData . . . . . . . 419

18.1 Sources of debug output messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

18.2 Types of debug output messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

18.3 Severity levels of messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

18.4 Object namespace identiﬁers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

19.1 Hint targets and descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

20.1 Internal format targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

21.1 State Variable Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

21.2 Current Values and Associated Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

21.3 Vertex Array Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

21.4 Vertex Array Data (not in vertex array objects) . . . . . . . . . . . 450

21.5 Buffer Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

21.6 Transformation State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

21.7 Rasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

21.8 Multisampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

21.9 Textures (selector, state per texture unit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

21.10Textures (state per texture object) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

21.11Textures (state per texture image) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

21.12Textures (state per sampler object) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

21.13Pixel Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

21.14Framebuffer Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

OpenGL ES 3.2 (October 22, 2019)

LIST OF TABLES xv

21.15Framebuffer (state per framebuffer object) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

21.16Framebuffer (state per attachment point) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

21.17Renderbuffer (state per renderbuffer object) . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

21.18Pixels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

21.19Shader Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

21.20Program Pipeline Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

21.21Program Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

21.22Program Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

21.23Program Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

21.24Program Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

21.25Program Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

21.26Program Object State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

21.27Program Interface State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

21.28Program Object Resource State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

21.29Program Object Resource State (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

21.30Vertex Shader State (not part of program objects) . . . . . . . . . 476

21.31Query Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

21.32Atomic Counter Buffer Binding State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

21.33Image State (state per image unit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

21.34Shader Storage Buffer Binding State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

21.35Transform Feedback State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

21.36Uniform Buffer Binding State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

21.37Sync (state per sync object) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

21.38Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

21.39Compute Dispatch State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

21.40Implementation Dependent Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

21.41Implementation Dependent Values (cont.)

† These queries return the maximum no. of samples for all internal

formats required to support multisampled rendering. . . . . . . . . . . 487

21.42Implementation Dependent Values (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

21.43Implementation Dependent Version and Extension Support . . . . 489

21.44Implementation Dependent Vertex Shader Limits . . . . . . . . . 490

21.45Implementation Dependent Tessellation Shader Limits . . . . . . 491

21.46Implementation Dependent Tessellation Shader Limits (cont.) . . 492

21.47Implementation Dependent Geometry Shader Limits . . . . . . . 493

21.48Implementation Dependent Fragment Shader Limits . . . . . . . . 494

21.49Implementation Dependent Compute Shader Limits . . . . . . . . 495

21.50Implementation Dependent Aggregate Shader Limits . . . . . . . 496

21.51Implementation Dependent Aggregate Shader Limits (cont.) . . . 497

21.52Implementation Dependent Aggregate Shader Limits (cont.) . . . 498

OpenGL ES 3.2 (October 22, 2019)

1.3. PROGRAMMER’S VIEW OF OPENGL ES 2

and polygons, but the way that some of this drawing occurs (such as when an-

tialiasing or multisampling is in use) relies on the existence of a framebuffer. Some

commands explicitly manage the framebuffer.

1.3 Programmer’s View of OpenGL ES

To the programmer, OpenGL ES is a set of commands that allow the speciﬁca-

tion of shader programs or shaders, data used by shaders, and state controlling

aspects of OpenGL ES outside the scope of shaders. Typically the data represent

geometry in two or three dimensions and texture images, while the shaders control

the geometric processing, rasterization of geometry and the lighting and shading

of fragments generated by rasterization, resulting in rendering geometry into the

framebuffer.

A typical program that uses OpenGL ES begins with calls to open a window

into the framebuffer into which the program will draw. Then, calls are made to

allocate an OpenGL EScontext and associate it with the window. Once a context

is allocated, OpenGL ES commands to deﬁne shaders,geometry, and textures are

made, followed by commands which draw geometry by transferring speciﬁed por-

tions of the geometry to the shaders. Drawing commands specify simple geometric

objects such as points, line segments, and polygons, which can be further manipu-

lated by shaders. There are also commands which directly control the framebuffer

by reading and writing pixels.

1.4 Implementor’s View of OpenGL ES

To the implementor, OpenGL ES is a set of commands that control the operation of

the GPU. Modern GPUs accelerate almost all OpenGL ES operations, storing data

and framebuffer images in GPU memory and executing shaders in dedicated GPU

processors. However, OpenGL ES may be implemented on less capable GPUs, or

even without a GPU, by moving some or all operations into the host CPU.

The implementor’s task is to provide a software library on the CPU which

implements the OpenGL ES API, while dividing the work for each OpenGL ES

command between the CPU and the graphics hardware as appropriate for the capa-

bilities of the GPU.

OpenGL ES contains a considerable amount of information including many

types of objects representing programmable shaders and the data they consume and

generate, as well as other context state controlling non-programmable aspects of

OpenGL ES. Most of these objects and state are available to the programmer, who

can set, manipulate, and query their values through OpenGL ES commands. Some

OpenGL ES 3.2 (October 22, 2019)

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