利用互耦合实现高效稀疏微带阵列设计

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"这篇研究论文探讨了一种新颖的方法，用于减少大规模周期性微带阵列中的活动元素数量。通过利用阵列元素之间的互耦合，可以实现高孔径效率，从而降低整体生产成本，减少活动阵列元素及关联组件的数量。论文中提供了一种简单控制微带阵列互耦合的方法作为示例。模拟和测量结果显示，当活动元素的间距扩大到自由空间操作频率波长的两倍时，可以获得18.3dB的旁瓣电平（SLL）和接近相同的孔径效率，与传统阵列相比，其性能没有明显下降，传统阵列的元素间距通常为一半。" 本文的核心知识点包括： 1. **互耦合机制**：在微带阵列设计中，互耦合是一种关键现象，它指的是阵列中相邻元素之间通过电磁场相互影响的现象。通过巧妙地控制这种互耦合，可以减少阵列中需要激活的元素数量，同时保持较高的效率。 2. **周期性稀疏微带阵列**：这种阵列结构不同于传统的紧密排列阵列，它采用了稀疏的元素分布，降低了元件密度，但通过互耦合效应，仍然能维持高效的辐射性能。 3. **孔径效率**：孔径效率是衡量天线阵列能量转换为有用辐射的能力，是评价阵列性能的重要指标。文中提到，即使在元素间距增大两倍的情况下，仍能保持高孔径效率，这是通过互耦合机制实现的。 4. **成本降低**：减少活动元素和相关组件的数量可以显著降低成本，这是设计高效周期性稀疏微带阵列的一个重要优势。 5. **控制互耦合的方法**：论文提供了一种控制互耦合的简便方法，虽然具体细节未在摘要中给出，但这种方法是实现阵列优化设计的关键。 6. **旁瓣电平（SLL）**：SLL是衡量天线主瓣之外辐射能量的次要特征，较低的SLL意味着更好的方向性。文中提到，在大间距条件下，SLL仍能达到18.3dB，表明了设计的有效性。 7. **模拟与测量结果的对比**：通过模拟和实际测量的比较，证明了提出的阵列设计在减少元素间距的同时，性能并未显著下降，这为实际应用提供了理论支持。这篇论文对于理解和设计高效、低成本的微带阵列具有重要的理论和实践意义，尤其适用于需要大范围覆盖但又受限于成本和复杂性的无线通信系统。

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 61, NO. 4, APRIL 2013 1963

High-Efﬁciency Periodic Sparse Microstrip A rray

Based on Mutual Coupling

Shi-Wei Qu, Senior Member, IEEE, Chi Hou Chan, Fellow, IEEE, Ming-Yao Xia, Senior Member, IEEE,and

Zaiping Nie, Fellow, IEEE

Abstract—In this paper, a novel idea to reduce the number of

activ

e elements in a large periodic array is presented and demon-

strated ﬁrstly by an

-plane microstrip array. High aperture

efﬁciency can be achieved by making use of mutual coupling

tween array elements, and then the total production cost of

the array is greatly decreased by reducing the number of active

array elements and associated components. A simple way to

control the mutual coupling of the microstrip array is given as an

example in this paper. Simulations and measurements show that

when the active element spacing is as large as

( is the

free-space wavelength at the operating frequency), a

18.3 dB

side lobe level (SLL) and an approximately equal apertu re efﬁ-

ciency can be achieved. No obvious performance degradations are

found compared to a conventional array w ith half the element

spacing

and an identical total size. Then, simulations

and measurements of an

-plane sparse array are given based

on the same idea, followed by the simulated results of a planar

two-dimensional (2-D) one.

Index Terms—Antenna arrays, microstrip antennas, mutual

coupling, sparse array, thinned array.

I. INTRODUCTION

NTE

NNA arrays are the most useful category of antennas

in comm unication systems because they can provide high

directivity, very narrow beam, large aperture efﬁciency and a va-

ety of radiation patterns. Generally speaking, different appli-

cations require different topologies of array systems, and some

functional components associated with each element are also

fferent for transmitting or receiving purposes. In most cases,

several RF/m icrowave components, e.g., bandpass ﬁlters, T/R

modules, phase s hi fters, low-noise ampliﬁers or power am pli-

ﬁe

rs, are connected to the array elements for signal reception

and processing or sig nal g e neratio n and transmission. Most of

total cost and weight of the array are often attributed to these

omponents, instead of the array elements themselves, so obvi-

ously the more the elem e nts in an array, the larger the produc-

tion cost and weight are [1]. Thus, reducing the element number

Manuscript received February 19, 2012; revised August 04, 2012; accepted

December 15, 2012. Date of publication December 19, 2012; date of current

version April 03, 2013. This work was supported in part by the Natural Science

Foundation of China (NSFC) Project under Grant 61101036, Grant 61231001,

Grant 60931004, and Grant 61201002, and by the Fundamental Research Funds

for the Central Universities under Grant ZYGX2010J028 .

S.-W. Qu, M.-Y. Xia, and Z.-P. Nie are with the School of Electronic Engi-

neering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC),

Chengdu 611731, China (e-mail: dyon.qu@gmail.com).

C. H. Chan is with the Departmen t of Electronic Engineering, City University

of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

Color versions of one or more of the ﬁgures in this paper are available online

at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.

Dig

ital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/TAP.2012.2235397

naturally becomes a straightforward method toward a lower cost

array.

Sparse or thinned arrays, generally aperiodic, are one of the

most classical exam ples with reduced element number. Design

of a lar

ge aperiodic sparse array is g enerally ba sed on some

complicated optimization method for the desired e lectrical

performances, e.g., alm ost difference sets [2], particle swarm

optimi

zation [3], convex optimization [4], Bayesian com pres-

sive sampling [5], matr ix pencil method [6], and cross-entropy

method [7]. Moreover, they are often difﬁcult to build in prac-

tice d

ue to their customary aperiodicity. On the other hand,

for a period ic arrangemen t over an identical aperture, fewer

elements means a larger element spacing, consequently causin g

high

er side lobe level (SLL) and lower aperture efﬁciency, es-

pecially as the element spacing is over

( is the free-space

wavelength at the operating frequency).

In the

past decades, several attempts were made to build

another type of arrays with reduced number o f feeding ports

(or active elements) fo r high-gain operation, e.g., the fam ous

Yagi–

Uda antenna with endﬁre radiation patterns [8], employ-

ment of a metamaterial superstrate w ith a relative permittivity

close to zero [9], [10], and a patch antenna loaded with arti-

ﬁcia

l magnetic conductor surfaces [11]. Although high-gain

characteristics and a simple structure with only o ne feedin g

port are achieved, possibilities of their potential applications in

wid

espread phased arrays are reduced to the lowest l evel.

In [12], another attempt was made to overcome the above

mentioned difﬁculties. Reljic et al. presented an idea to build

broa

dside antenna arrays with passive elements based upo n sim-

ilar idea to the Yagi–Uda antenna. I n that paper, currents on the

passive dipole elements can be indirectly induced by tun ing the

dist

ance between the array and the ground plane, equivalent to

adjusting the mutual coupling between the active and passive

elements. However, the proﬁle of the presented array in [12]

sho

uld be tuned to as large as

for the largest aperture ef-

ﬁciency and broadside beam, meanwhile the whole array struc-

ture is not given. In [13], two passive microstrip elements are

con

nected to t w o active ones by slotline stubs in a c i rcu larly

polarized 4-element linear array, thus the passive elements can

be indirectly fed by the energy coupled from the active ones,

using simple structure and less loss in feeding network. How-

ever, it su ffers from a small op er ating bandwidth and little possi-

bility of beam scanning. Meanwhile, only linear arrays were re-

rted, and no two-dimensional (2-D) array can be found based

on sim ilar idea so far to the au tho rs’ knowledge.

In our previous works [14], a novel microstrip array is pre-

sen

ted, and active and passive elements are staggered linearly

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