Linux补丁管理实战：保持系统最新

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"Linux补丁程序管理：使Linux系统保持最新" 在IT领域，尤其是在服务器管理中，保持操作系统更新是至关重要的。"Linux补丁程序管理：使Linux系统保持最新"这本书，作为一本入门指南，专注于如何在生产环境中有效地管理Linux系统的更新和补丁。它涵盖了各种流行的Linux发行版，如Red Hat、Fedora、SUSE和Debian，为系统管理员提供了全面的解决方案。在Linux环境中，补丁管理涉及到以下几个关键知识点： 1. **补丁的重要性**：补丁通常包含了对系统漏洞的修复、功能增强或性能优化。它们是确保系统安全性和稳定性的基础，因为不及时打补丁可能会使系统暴露于黑客攻击和恶意软件的风险之下。 2. **Red Hat企业Linux(RHEL)的更新管理**：RHEL使用Yum(Yellowdog Updater, Modified)或Dnf(Dandified Yum)来管理更新。这些工具允许用户自动查找、下载和安装新的安全补丁和软件包。 3. **Fedora的更新管理**：Fedora项目使用Dnf作为默认的包管理器，处理系统升级和补丁应用。 4. **SUSE的更新管理**：SUSE Linux Enterprise Server使用zypper进行软件包管理和系统更新，提供安全补丁和维护更新。 5. **Debian的更新管理**：Debian系统依赖于apt(Advanced Package Tool)来处理软件包和补丁的安装与更新，包括apt-get和apt-cache等命令。 6. **自动化补丁管理**：通过Webmin等工具，可以实现Linux系统的远程管理和自动化补丁更新，简化了系统管理员的工作。 7. **版本控制与回滚**：理解如何在出现问题时回滚到之前的状态，是补丁管理的重要组成部分。例如，如果一个补丁导致了问题，系统管理员应能够恢复到补丁应用前的状态。 8. **安全更新**：安全补丁特别关键，因为它们针对的是已知的安全漏洞。及时应用这些补丁可以防止网络入侵和数据泄露。 9. **测试与验证**：在生产环境部署补丁之前，应在测试环境中进行充分的测试，以确认补丁不会对现有系统造成负面影响。 10. **监控与报告**：系统应持续监控补丁状态和系统性能，以便及时发现并解决问题。这本书的内容不仅限于以上概述，还可能深入探讨了补丁的生命周期管理、策略制定、补丁冲突解决以及如何在多服务器环境中实施统一的补丁策略。对于任何负责维护Linux系统的IT专业人员来说，这都是一个宝贵的资源，有助于提升他们在补丁管理方面的专业知识和实践能力。

you have a sufficient number of Linux systems, you may even want to build

your own patch management repositories.

Patches on one or two Linux computers may work well with a standard

high-speed Internet connection. If you have a substantial number of Linux

computers, you might download the patches from each of these computers over

the Internet. To keep these downloads from overloading your Internet connec-

tion, you can pay a premium for an even higher-speed connection.

Alternatively, you can use the techniques described in this book to config-

ure a local patch management repository. This can help you avoid buying a

faster high-speed Internet connection. Thus, a patch management repository

can help you save a lot of money. In addition, you can update a group of com-

puters more quickly when you download patches from a local repository.

Red Hat supports patch management on a group of Red Hat Enterprise

Linux (RHEL) computers through the Red Hat Network. SUSE supports

patch management on a group of SUSE Enterprise Linux Server and

Workstation computers with YaST Online Update and Zenworks Linux

Management. You can use these tools to manage patches on individual sys-

tems or on networks of these distributions. Red Hat and SUSE provide these

tools to help you manage patches. If you have a large number of systems, these

tools can help you keep the loads on your Internet connection to a minimum

and speed up the updates you need.

But this book is not limited to Red Hat and SUSE Linux. It also can help

you keep the loads on your Internet connection to a minimum when managing

other distributions, including Debian and Fedora Linux. It also uses the tools

skills you learn can help you manage patches on allied distributions, including

Yellowdog, Ubuntu, Progeny, Lycoris, and the “rebuild” distributions that use

the source code released for Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW BEFORE READING THIS BOOK

This book assumes you have some experience with Linux. While it does not

require that you have a network of Linux computers, you can take full advan-

tage of the techniques described in this book only if you have such a network.

Some of the tools described in this book require a subscription. For exam-

ple, access to the Red Hat Network Proxy Server requires a specialized sub-

scription to the Red Hat Network. Access to SUSE Linux Enterprise Server

updates requires subscription access to the YaST Online Update Server.

Access to Novell’s Zenworks Linux Management also requires a subscription.

If you want to try out these tools, navigate to the associated Web sites. Trial

subscriptions may still be available. And read this book!

Some of the tools described in this book are freely available. They are

already included with many Linux distributions. Some have been customized

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by third parties for popular distributions, such as Red Hat Enterprise

Linux. They are designed and maintained by the Linux community and are

available courtesy of the GNU General Public License (http://www.gnu.org/

copyleft/gpl.html).

WHO YOU ARE, AND WHY AND HOW YOU SHOULD READ THIS BOOK

This book is designed for experienced and budding Linux administrators.

Patch management is a critical Linux administration skill. This book can help

you manage patches on individual Linux systems and can help you manage

patches on networks of Linux computers.

With these skills, you can keep your Linux systems up to date with the lat-

est security, feature, and bug updates. You can keep a network of Linux systems

up to date in this way with a minimum load on your Internet connection.

If your experience is limited to one or two Linux computers, this book can

help you think beyond them to network management and what you will need

to do in the workforce for a large group of Linux systems.

You can use this book to evaluate the patch-management features associ-

ated with several different distributions. The more patch management tools

you know, the more you can do to maintain different Linux distributions on

your network. For a general overview of patch management clients, read

Chapter 1, “Patch Management Systems.”

If you’re evaluating patch management using the Red Hat Network and

the associated Proxy Server, read Chapter 2, “Consolidating Patches on a Red

Hat/Fedora Network.” If you’re evaluating patch management using the YaST

Online Update Server or Zenworks Linux Management, read Chapter 3,

“SUSE’s Update Systems and rsync Mirrors.” You’ll also find information on

how you can use rsync to mirror repositories from most all Linux distributions.

If you’re evaluating patch management on Debian Linux systems, read

Chapter 4, “Making apt Work for You.” As Knoppix and Ubuntu are built on

Debian, the same tools can help you manage systems associated with those

distributions, as well. You’ll learn how to create a Debian repository on your

own network.

If you prefer the apt patch management commands associated with

Debian Linux, you can also use them on many RPM-based distributions. If

that is what you want, read Chapter 5, “Configuring apt for RPM

Distributions.” That chapter will show you how to create an apt-based reposi-

tory for a RPM-based distribution on your own network.

If you prefer the affinity of yum for RPM-based distributions, read

Chapters 6 and 7. Chapter 6, “Configuring a yum Client,” details how you can

use yum to keep your systems up to date. Chapter 7, “Setting Up a yum

Repository,” details how you can create yum repositories on your own network.

Preface xvii

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HOW T HIS B OOK I S LAID OUT

Here is a brief summary of all the chapters:

☞ Chapter 1 provides a basic overview of how you can manage patches on

an individual Linux system. Techniques that we describe cover RHEL,

SUSE Linux (formerly known as SUSE Linux Professional), SUSE Linux

Enterprise Server, Debian Linux, Fedora Linux, and some of the rebuilds

of RHEL. This chapter also previews some of the tools you can use to cre-

ate a patch management repository on your own network.

☞ Chapter 2 starts by providing a model of how you can create a repository

for Fedora Linux. It continues with a focus on the Red Hat Network,

specifically the associated Proxy Server, which can help you cache

updates. It also adds more detail on how you can manage patches on sys-

tems with RHEL rebuild distributions.

☞ Chapter 3 is focused on the patch management tools created by SUSE

and Novell for their Linux systems. It also describes how you can use

rsync to mirror update servers for all Linux distributions. You can point

YaST Online Update to a variety of local or network sources, such as a

local patch management server, which you can copy from the mirror of

your choice. Finally, we describe how Zenworks Linux Management can

be installed on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server or even RHEL to adminis-

ter patches on a variety of SUSE and RHEL clients.

☞ Chapter 4 guides you through the fundamentals of the apt commands,

along with their capabilities. By the time you complete this chapter,

you’ll know how to use various apt commands, the aptitude utility, and

the GUI Synaptic Package Manager to manage your system. Finally, this

chapter guides you through different tools available for downloading and

synchronizing your local repository with the mirror of your choice.

☞ Chapter 5 helps you learn to install and use many of the apt tools from

Chapter 4 on RPM-based distributions, such as Fedora and SUSE Linux.

Based on the work of Conectiva (now Mandriva) Linux, you can use the

tools described in Chapter 5 to create and maintain an apt repository for

several different RPM-based distributions.

☞ Chapter 6 supports the use of yum as a client on RPM-based distribu-

tions. Many Linux users prefer yum because of its Python-based compat-

ibility with RPM systems. It’s now the default update tool for Fedora

Linux. You can even install and use yum on RHEL (and rebuild distribu-

tions). While GUI tools for yum are not yet stable, the Yum Extender

appears to be most promising.

☞ Chapter 7 helps you design, populate, and manage your own yum

Repository on a RHEL computer. You can use this repository to maintain

Fedora Linux systems. It includes guidelines that can help you minimize

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