分布式系统原理与设计：第五版精华解读

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"分布式系统概念与设计" 分布式系统是现代计算领域中的核心概念，涉及多个相互协作的计算机节点通过网络连接，共同完成一个整体任务。《分布式系统：概念与设计》（第五版）由George Coulouris、Jean Dollimore、Tim Kindberg和Gordon Blair合著，是一本全面介绍分布式系统原理、架构、算法和设计的权威著作。本书分为多个章节，详细阐述了以下关键知识点： 1. **分布式系统基础**：介绍分布式系统的基本定义、特征和挑战，如透明性、并发控制、容错性和性能优化等。 2. **网络与通信**：讲解网络协议、地址解析、传输层协议（如TCP/IP）以及进程间通信（IPC）机制，为理解分布式系统间的交互打下基础。 3. **分布式计算模型**：涵盖各种分布式计算模型，如MapReduce、P2P网络和云计算平台，讨论其工作原理和适用场景。 4. **数据复制与一致性**：探讨数据复制策略、分布式数据库和一致性模型，如强一致性、最终一致性等，以及CAP定理。 5. **分布式事务处理**：讲解ACID事务特性，以及在分布式环境中的事务处理机制，如两阶段提交和补偿事务管理。 6. **组通信**：介绍组通信协议，如Gossip协议和基于树形结构的通信模式，以及它们在大规模分布式系统中的应用。 7. **容错与可靠性**：讨论如何设计和实现容错机制，如备份、故障检测和恢复策略，确保系统在部分节点故障时仍能正常运行。 8. **安全与隐私**：分析分布式系统中的安全问题，如身份验证、加密、访问控制和防止恶意攻击的方法。 9. **分布式文件系统**：探讨分布式文件系统的设计，如GFS和HDFS，以及它们在大数据处理中的作用。 10. **前沿技术**：涵盖Web服务、网格计算、移动系统和物联网(IoT)等最新发展，如RESTful API、SOAP和XML-RPC等。此外，本书每章配有习题，帮助读者巩固理解，同时提供配套网站，提供教学资源，适合作为大学本科及研究生的教科书，对从事分布式系统开发和技术人员也有很高的参考价值。通过学习本书，读者可以深入了解分布式系统的设计原理，掌握构建大规模、高可用、高性能分布式系统的关键技术和实践方法。无论是对于理论研究还是实际工程应用，这本书都提供了丰富的知识和深入的洞察。

XIV PREFACE

only on the Web. They can be looked up in the reference list at the end of the book, but

the full URLs are given only in an online version of the reference list at the book’s web

site, www.cdk5.net/refs

where they take the form of clickable links. Both versions of the

reference list include a more detailed explanation of this scheme.

Changes relative to the fourth edition

Before embarking on the writing of this new edition, we carried out a survey of teachers

who used the fourth edition. From the results, we identified the new material required

and a number of changes to be made. In addition, we recognized the increasing diversity

of distributed systems, particularly in terms of the range of architectural approaches

available to distributed systems developers today. This required significant changes to

the book, especially in the earlier (foundational) chapters.

Overall, this led to our writing three entirely new chapters, making substantial

changes to a number of other chapters and making numerous insertions throughout the

book to fold in new material. Many of the chapters have been changed to reflect new

information that has become available about the systems described. These changes are

summarized in the table below. To help teachers who have used the fourth edition,

wherever possible we have preserved the structure adopted from the previous edition.

Where material has been removed, we have placed this on our companion web site

together with material removed from previous editions. This includes the case studies

on ATM, interprocess communication in UNIX, CORBA (a shortened version of which

remains in Chapter 8), the Jini distributed events specification and Grid middleware

(featuring OGSA and the Globus toolkit), as well as the chapter on distributed shared

memory (a brief summary of which is now included in Chapter 6).

Some of the chapters in the book, such as the new chapter on indirect

communication (Chapter 6), cover a lot of material. Teachers may elect to cover the

broad spectrum before choosing two or three techniques to examine in more detail (for

example, group communication, given its foundational role, and publish-subscribe or

message queues, given their prevalence in commercial distributed systems).

The chapter ordering has been changed to accommodate the new material and to

reflect changes in the relative importance of certain topics. For a full understanding of

some topics readers may find it necessary to follow a forward reference. For example,

there is material in Chapter 9 on XML security techniques that will make better sense

once the sections that it references in Chapter 11 Security have been absorbed.

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to the following teachers who participated in our survey: Guohong

Cao, Jose Fortes, Bahram Khalili, George Blank, Jinsong Ouyang, JoAnne Holliday,

George K. Thiruvathukal, Joel Wein, Tao Xie and Xiaobo Zhou.

We would like to thank the following people who reviewed the new chapters or

provided other substantial help: Rob Allen, Roberto Baldoni, John Bates, Tom Berson,

Lynne Blair, Geoff Coulson, Paul Grace, Andrew Herbert, David Hutchison, Laurent

Mathy, Rajiv Ramdhany, Richard Sharp, Jean-Bernard Stefani, Rip Sohan, Francois

XVI PREFACE

Taiani, Peter Triantafillou, Gareth Tyson and the late Sir Maurice Wilkes. We would

also like to thank the staff at Google who provided insights into the design rationale for

Google Infrastructure, namely: Mike Burrows, Tushar Chandra, Walfredo Cirne, Jeff

Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat, Andrea Kirmse and John Reumann.

Our copy editor, Rachel Head also provided outstanding support.

Web site

As before, we continue to maintain a web site with a wide range of material designed to

assist teachers and readers. This web site can be accessed via the URL:

www.cdk5.net

The web site includes:

Instructor’s Guide: We provide supporting material for teachers comprising:

• complete artwork of the book available as PowerPoint files;

• chapter-by-chapter teaching hints;

• solutions to the exercises, protected by a password available only to teachers.

Reference list: The list of references that can be found at the end of the book is replicated

at the web site. The web version of the reference list includes active links for material

that is available online.

Errata list: A list of known errors in the book is maintained, with corrections. The errors

will be corrected when new impressions are printed and a separate errata list will be

provided for each impression. (Readers are encouraged to report any apparent errors

they encounter to the email address below.)

Supplementary material: We maintain a set of supplementary material for each chapter.

This consists of source code for the programs in the book and relevant reading material

that was present in previous editions of the book but was removed for reasons of space.

References to this supplementary material appear in the book with links such as

www.cdk5.net/ipc

(the URL for supplementary material relating to the Interprocess

Communication chapter). Two entire chapters from the 4th edition are not present in this

one; they can be accessed at the URLs:

CORBA Case Study www.cdk5.net/corba

Distributed Shared Memory www.cdk5.net/dsm

George Coulouris

Jean Dollimore

Tim Kindberg

Gordon Blair

London, Bristol and Lancaster, 2011

authors@cdk5.net

2 CHAPTER 1 CHARACTERIZATION OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

1.1 Introduction

Networks of computers are everywhere. The Internet is one, as are the many networks

of which it is composed. Mobile phone networks, corporate networks, factory networks,

campus networks, home networks, in-car networks – all of these, both separately and in

combination, share the essential characteristics that make them relevant subjects for

study under the heading distributed systems. In this book we aim to explain the

characteristics of networked computers that impact system designers and implementors

and to present the main concepts and techniques that have been developed to help in the

tasks of designing and implementing systems that are based on them.

We define a distributed system as one in which hardware or software components

located at networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions only by

passing messages. This simple definition covers the entire range of systems in which

networked computers can usefully be deployed.

Computers that are connected by a network may be spatially separated by any

distance. They may be on separate continents, in the same building or in the same room.

Our definition of distributed systems has the following significant consequences:

Concurrency: In a network of computers, concurrent program execution is the norm.

I can do my work on my computer while you do your work on yours, sharing

resources such as web pages or files when necessary. The capacity of the system to

handle shared resources can be increased by adding more resources (for example.

computers) to the network. We will describe ways in which this extra capacity can be

usefully deployed at many points in this book. The coordination of concurrently

executing programs that share resources is also an important and recurring topic.

No global clock: When programs need to cooperate they coordinate their actions by

exchanging messages. Close coordination often depends on a shared idea of the time

at which the programs’ actions occur. But it turns out that there are limits to the

accuracy with which the computers in a network can synchronize their clocks – there

is no single global notion of the correct time. This is a direct consequence of the fact

that the only communication is by sending messages through a network. Examples of

these timing problems and solutions to them will be described in Chapter 14.

Independent failures: All computer systems can fail, and it is the responsibility of

system designers to plan for the consequences of possible failures. Distributed systems

can fail in new ways. Faults in the network result in the isolation of the computers that

are connected to it, but that doesn’t mean that they stop running. In fact, the programs

on them may not be able to detect whether the network has failed or has become

unusually slow. Similarly, the failure of a computer, or the unexpected termination of

a program somewhere in the system (a crash), is not immediately made known to the

other components with which it communicates. Each component of the system can fail

independently, leaving the others still running. The consequences of this characteristic

of distributed systems will be a recurring theme throughout the book.

The prime motivation for constructing and using distributed systems stems from a desire

to share resources. The term ‘resource’ is a rather abstract one, but it best characterizes

the range of things that can usefully be shared in a networked computer system. It

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