使用MongoDB和Backbone构建Node应用

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"Building Node Applications with MongoDB and Backbone" 本书《Building Node Applications with MongoDB and Backbone》由Mike Wilson撰写，主要探讨如何使用Node.js、MongoDB和Backbone.js这三种技术构建Web应用程序。Node.js是一个基于Chrome V8引擎的JavaScript运行环境，它允许开发者在服务器端使用JavaScript进行开发，提供高效且可扩展的网络应用。MongoDB则是一种流行的NoSQL数据库，以其灵活的数据模型和高性能著称，特别适合处理大量的非结构化或半结构化数据。Backbone.js是一个轻量级的JavaScript库，用于构建客户端的MVC（模型-视图-控制器）应用程序，提供了数据模型、视图以及URL路由等功能。书中可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **Node.js基础**：讲解Node.js的事件驱动模型、非阻塞I/O机制以及模块系统，包括如何安装、设置开发环境，以及编写第一个Node.js应用。 2. **Express框架**：Node.js中广泛使用的Web应用框架，用于快速搭建Web服务器。可能会介绍如何创建路由、中间件和模板引擎的使用。 3. **MongoDB入门**：介绍MongoDB的基本概念，如文档、集合和数据库，以及如何使用MongoDB的命令行工具进行数据操作。此外，还可能涉及Mongoose等Node.js MongoDB驱动的使用，用于在Node.js应用中连接和操作数据库。 4. **数据模型与CRUD操作**：展示如何在MongoDB中定义和操作数据模型，包括创建、读取、更新和删除（CRUD）操作，并探讨如何在Node.js应用中实现这些操作。 5. **Backbone.js核心概念**：深入理解Backbone.js的Model、View、Collection和Router组件，以及它们如何协同工作来管理应用的状态和界面。 6. **实时通信与WebSocket**：Node.js可以方便地处理实时通信，可能涉及WebSocket协议的使用，以实现实时更新和双向通信功能。 7. **RESTful API设计**：讲解如何设计和实现RESTful API，使前后端分离的应用能够有效地通信。 8. **测试与部署**：介绍如何对Node.js应用进行单元测试和集成测试，以及如何将应用部署到生产环境。 9. **性能优化**：讨论性能监控、调试技巧以及如何优化Node.js和MongoDB应用的性能。 10. **最佳实践和案例研究**：分享作者的经验和行业最佳实践，通过实际项目案例来说明如何将这些技术有效地结合在一起。这本书对于想要使用Node.js、MongoDB和Backbone.js进行全栈开发的读者来说是一份宝贵的资源，它不仅提供了理论知识，还提供了丰富的实践指导，帮助读者掌握构建现代Web应用的关键技能。

CHAPTER 1

Introduction and Overview

The Web, already one of the fastest developing areas in technology, is accelerating. This

is both good news and bad news for those of us planning to draw income from writing

software. Today, good developers have the rare opportunity to do what they love, grow

their horizons, and continually evolve and derive even greater satisfaction from their

work, as long as they’re willing to put in the hard work necessary to understand a huge

back catalog of rapidly-expanding knowledge.

Terrific careers come at a price. As a software developer, you must continually search

for the next great tool that will help you achieve more, better, faster. What you work

with 10 years from now is going to be a major departure from what you are working

with today—in essence, you will be retraining yourself multiple times to keep sharp.

In his 2008 book Outliers (Back Bay Books), Malcolm Gladwell presents evidence that

it takes 10,000 hours of effort to achieve mastery at a professional level. Even prodigies

need to put in their time to achieve success; the difference between an average performer

and a superb performer comes down to the amount of practice put in by the individual.

Picking up a book like this puts you into the latter category; right now you are putting

in the extra time to gain more exposure to the leading edge of this craft. The future is

arriving, and you will be among the first positioned to take advantage of it.

Node.js has introduced an army of programmers to event-oriented programming. Re‐

gardless of what your technology background is, if you come to Node with an open mind

and drop any preconceived notions you might have about JavaScript, you will come

away with a greater appreciation of how powerful single-threaded programming can be

in a world that has gone crazy for multi-threaded applications. What’s more, you will

have a greater appreciation of event handling that will help you when you do need to

tackle multi-threaded problems in other programming languages.

JavaScript is a unique and sometimes misunderstood programming language that has

finally taken its deserved place in the development toolbox. As the toolsets for devel‐

oping JavaScript applications continue to improve and mature, you can look forward to

seeing this language’s importance continue to grow in organizations worldwide.

Building a Social Network

The project in this book examines how you would go about constructing a social network

in a similar vein to LinkedIn, MySpace, or Facebook, with a real-time networking twist.

Using Node.js, Backbone.js, and MongoDB you will learn how to create a highly re‐

sponsive application that can be adapted to scale to millions of users.

By way of example many of the components described throughout the text will take

some shortcuts to use a built-in method provided by Node or MongoDB in order to

demonstrate certain functionality that wouldn’t be practical in “real” large deployments.

When one of those shortcuts is presented, I will point it out with a special note and

discuss how to begin moving to a more scalable or modifiable construct. The challenge

throughout will be trying to balance the need for clarity with the task of building a real

and useful application.

What is a social network? “Social network” is a simple phrase that seems to communicate

a lot of meaning—and in behavioral science, it does—but let’s look more carefully at the

individual words and apply them to the Internet. A “network” is an interconnected group

of systems, which could be anything from a series of roads crisscrossing the country to

a row of computers in a school lab to a Rolodex filled with professional contacts. The

word “social” refers to the interaction of organisms—such as animals or people—and

to their existence as an entire group. So a social network in this context means an in‐

terconnected, interactive group of people.

The human component is important above all else. When building any kind of software

you are remiss to develop toward a particular goal or functionality without first (and

constantly) thinking about the person who is expected to use your finished code at the

end of the day, whether it is a customer, a professor, or even yourself. Unless you can

visualize the end purpose for your work, resist the urge to continue down the program‐

ming road for technology’s sake.

When we speak of building a social network, of course it’s impossible to build a social

network as defined here. What you will be creating is the forum, the raw pathways, upon

which a social network can take root and grow. Every feature of the system is intended

to deliver upon that goal by getting out of the users’ way and by providing just enough

of a feature set to promote, encourage, and facilitate communication without any extra

frills. It’s a difficult line to walk, but one that ultimately separates a mediocre product

from a great one.

4 | Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview

Model-View-Controller (MVC)

This book makes frequent reference to, and use of, the Model-View-Controller (MVC)

design pattern for both server-side and frontend programming. While MVC was argu‐

ably popularized on the web by the growth of Ruby on Rails, it was first developed for

the Smalltalk platform in the 1970s.

MVC as it is practiced today promotes decoupling your system into three components:

Model

A structure containing the data that is being read or acted upon

View

An interface through which the user interacts with the model

Controller

Delegates user actions from the view to the underlying model

Models and controllers are typically paired; in this book, the controller’s job will be to

act as a contract for what a user is able to do to a model, and to pass information back

and forth. While it is possible to have a controller perform actions on more than one

model, doing so should be considered poor form: one model, one controller.

Views are a different story; just as in real life, in software there is often multiple ways to

perceive the same information. For example, a textual transcription of an audio record‐

ing contains the same information as the original, but presents its contents in a way that

is more accessible to some users or convenient for others. The Internet is full of great

examples of this: many web services display data in both JSON and XML format, two

different formats that provide the same information in different ways.

Pure JavaScript

Using Node, Backbone, and MongoDB will allow you to focus on your application logic

in a single programming language, ultimately reducing the number of connections be‐

tween each part of your system. As you will see, this is a compelling way to program

because the boundaries between client-facing UI, backend server logic, and database

persistence will blur into almost a living system. The picture becomes clearer as real-

time networking is gradually added; your data will dance across the application and

even across multiple users almost as if everything were happening in concert in a single

process.

There are pitfalls to watch out for. Although the connectors are strong and speak the

same dialect, under the covers your program code is still going across a wire between

web browsers, servers, and databases. Some of the JavaScript paradigms change slightly

depending on whether their primary goal is to serve UI (as in the case of Backbone in

the web browser), authentication (as in the case of Node on the web server), or

Model-View-Controller (MVC) | 5

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