2021 IEEE 802.11ax：高效率Wi-Fi6标准详解

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"802.11ax-2021 wi-fi6标准，这是一个关于无线局域网（Wi-Fi）高效能标准的详细技术文档，由IEEE（电气和电子工程师协会）制定并发布。该标准是802.11系列标准的一个修正版，增加了对高效率WLAN的增强功能。" 802.11ax，也被称为Wi-Fi 6，是无线局域网（Wi-Fi）通信协议的最新一代标准，它在2021年进行了更新以提高网络性能和效率。这个标准是基于之前的802.11ac（Wi-Fi 5）和802.11n（Wi-Fi 4）的升级版，旨在应对不断增长的设备连接需求和带宽密集型应用，如4K/8K视频流、在线游戏以及物联网(IoT)设备的普及。 802.11ax的关键改进包括： 1. **OFDMA（正交频分多址）**：与802.11ac的OFDM（正交频分复用）相比，OFDMA允许在单个射频信道内同时服务多个设备，显著提高了频谱效率，减少了延迟，并增强了网络的并发用户处理能力。 2. **MU-MIMO（多用户多输入多输出）**：802.11ax引入了下行链路的MU-MIMO，使得路由器可以同时向多个设备发送数据，而不像802.11ac只能一对一定向传输，从而提高了网络容量。 3. **1024-QAM调制**：相比于802.11ac使用的256-QAM，1024-QAM能在一个信号周期内传输更多信息，从而提升了数据传输速率。 4. **目标唤醒时间(TWT)**：这是一种优化能源效率的机制，允许设备在不活跃期间进入休眠模式，减少电池消耗，尤其适用于物联网设备。 5. **更高带宽**：802.11ax支持160MHz的频道带宽，相比802.11ac的80MHz，进一步提升了理论最高速度。 6. **更高的密度和覆盖**：通过这些改进，802.11ax能在拥挤的环境中提供更好的性能，比如在公共场所或家庭中，有大量设备同时连接。 7. **上下行并发**：802.11ax同时优化了上行和下行链路的性能，使上传和下载速度更加均衡。 802.11ax-2021 Wi-Fi 6标准致力于提升无线网络的效率、容量和速度，以满足现代互联网用户的需求。无论是对于家庭用户还是企业环境，它都提供了更强大、更可靠的网络连接解决方案。这一标准的实施，意味着用户可以享受更快的上网速度，更少的网络拥堵，以及更持久的设备电池寿命。同时，对于网络管理员来说，802.11ax的特性将帮助他们更好地管理和优化网络资源，特别是在高密度部署的场景下。

10.6.5 Rate selection for Data and Management frames ...................................................... 244

10.6.5.1 Rate selection for non-STBC Beacon and non-STBC PSMP frames...... 244

10.6.5.3 Rate selection for other group addressed Data and Management frames 245

10.6.6 Rate selection for Control frames .............................................................................. 245

10.6.6.1 General rules for rate selection for Control frames ................................. 245

10.6.6.6 Channel Width selection for Control frames ........................................... 245

10.6.10 Modulation classes..................................................................................................... 246

10.6.11 Non-HT basic rate calculation ................................................................................... 247

10.6.12 Channel Width in non-HT and non-HT duplicate PPDUs ........................................ 248

10.6.13 Rate selection constraints for VHT STAs.................................................................. 248

10.6.13.3 Additional rate selection constraints for VHT PPDUs ............................ 248

10.8 HT Control field operation ...................................................................................................... 249

10.9 Control Wrapper operation ...................................................................................................... 251

10.11 A-MSDU operation.................................................................................................................. 251

10.12 A-MPDU operation.................................................................................................................. 252

10.12.1 A-MPDU contents ..................................................................................................... 252

10.12.2 A-MPDU length limit rules ....................................................................................... 252

10.12.3 Minimum MPDU Sstart Sspacing field rules ............................................................ 254

10.12.4 A-MPDU aggregation of group addressed Data frames ............................................ 254

10.12.6 A-MPDU padding for VHT PPDU, HE, or S1G PPDU............................................ 256

10.12.7 Setting the EOF/Tag field of the MPDU delimiter.................................................... 256

10.13 PPDU duration constraint ........................................................................................................ 256

10.15 Low-density parity check code (LDPC) operation .................................................................. 256

10.22 Operation across regulatory domains ...................................................................................... 257

10.22.3 Operation with operating classes ............................................................................... 257

10.22.4 Operation with the Transmit Power Envelope element ............................................. 258

10.23 HCF.......................................................................................................................................... 259

10.23.1 General....................................................................................................................... 259

10.23.2 HCF contention based channel access (EDCA) ........................................................ 259

10.23.2.2 EDCA backoff procedure ........................................................................ 259

10.23.2.4 Obtaining an EDCA TXOP ..................................................................... 260

10.23.2.5 EDCA channel access in a VHT, HE, or TVHT BSS ............................. 261

10.23.2.7 Sharing an EDCA TXOP......................................................................... 262

10.23.2.8 Multiple frame transmission in an EDCA TXOP.................................... 263

10.23.2.9 TXOP limits............................................................................................. 265

10.23.2.10 Truncation of TXOP ................................................................................ 267

10.23.2.11 Termination of TXOP.............................................................................. 267

10.23.2.12 Retransmit procedures ............................................................................. 267

10.23.3 HCF controlled channel access (HCCA) ................................................................... 268

10.23.3.5 HCCA transfer rules ................................................................................ 268

10.25 Block acknowledgment (block ack) ........................................................................................ 268

10.25.2 Setup and modification of the block ack parameters................................................. 268

10.25.5 Selection of BlockAck and BlockAckReq variants................................................... 268

10.25.6 HT-immediate block ack extensions.......................................................................... 269

10.25.6.1 Introduction to HT-immediate block ack extensions............................... 269

10.25.6.3 Scoreboard context control during full-state operation ........................... 270

10.25.6.5 Generation and transmission of BlockAck frames by an HT STA,

DMG STA, or S1G STA.......................................................................... 270

10.25.6.6 Receive reordering buffer control operation............................................ 270

10.25.8 GCR and GLK-GCR block ack ................................................................................. 271

10.25.8.1 Introduction General ................................................................................ 271

10.25.8.4 GCR block ack BlockAckReq and BlockAck frame exchanges ............. 271

10.27 Protection mechanisms ............................................................................................................ 273

10.27.6 Protection rules for HE STAs .................................................................................... 273

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10.29 Reverse direction protocol ....................................................................................................... 273

10.29.1 General....................................................................................................................... 273

10.29.2 Reverse direction (RD) exchange sequence .............................................................. 273

10.29.3 Rules for RD initiator ................................................................................................ 274

10.29.4 Rules for RD responder ............................................................................................. 275

10.36 Null data PPDU (NDP) sounding ............................................................................................ 276

10.36.6 Transmission of a VHT NDP..................................................................................... 276

10.47 Target wake time (TWT) ......................................................................................................... 276

10.47.1 TWT overview........................................................................................................... 276

10.47.9 TWT parameter ranges .............................................................................................. 280

11. MLME ............................................................................................................................................... 281

11.1 Synchronization ....................................................................................................................... 281

11.1.3 Maintaining synchronization ..................................................................................... 281

11.1.3.8 Multiple BSSID procedure ...................................................................... 281

11.1.4 Acquiring synchronization, scanning ........................................................................ 286

11.1.4.3 Active scanning and probing procedures................................................. 286

11.2 Power management.................................................................................................................. 287

11.2.3 Power management in a non-DMG infrastructure network....................................... 287

11.2.3.2 Non-AP STA power management modes................................................ 287

11.2.3.6 AP operation ............................................................................................ 288

11.2.3.7 Receive operation for STAs in PS mode ................................................. 289

11.2.3.9 STAs operating in active mode................................................................ 290

11.2.3.15 TIM Broadcast ......................................................................................... 290

11.2.6 SM power save........................................................................................................... 291

11.3 STA authentication and association......................................................................................... 293

11.3.3 Frame filtering based on STA state ........................................................................... 293

11.3.5 Association, reassociation, and disassociation .......................................................... 293

11.3.5.3 AP or PCP association receipt procedures............................................... 293

11.3.5.5 AP or PCP reassociation receipt procedures............................................ 293

11.3.8 Neighbor report information upon rejection with suggested BSS transition............. 293

11.4 TS operation............................................................................................................................. 294

11.4.4 TS setup ..................................................................................................................... 294

11.4.4.4 TS setup procedures for both AP and non-AP STA initiation................. 294

11.7 TPC procedures........................................................................................................................ 294

11.7.1 General....................................................................................................................... 294

11.7.2 Association based on transmit power capability........................................................ 294

11.7.3 Peering based on transmit power capability .............................................................. 294

11.7.5 Specification of regulatory and local maximum transmit power levels .................... 295

11.7.6 Transmit power selection........................................................................................... 297

11.10 Radio measurement procedures ...............................................................................................297

11.10.14Multiple BSSID set.................................................................................................... 297

11.20 Tunneled direct-link setup ....................................................................................................... 298

11.20.1 General....................................................................................................................... 298

11.21 Wireless network management procedures ............................................................................. 298

11.21.2 Event request and report procedures.......................................................................... 298

11.21.2.1 Event request and event report................................................................. 298

11.21.2.7 BSS color collision event......................................................................... 298

11.21.2.8 BSS color in use event ............................................................................. 299

11.21.6 Fine timing measurement (FTM) procedure.............................................................. 299

11.21.6.4 Measurement exchange............................................................................ 299

11.21.7 BSS transition management for network load balancing........................................... 299

11.21.7.1 BSS transition capability ......................................................................... 299

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11.21.7.4 BSS transition management response...................................................... 299

11.21.7.5 Planned ESS............................................................................................. 300

11.31 Multi-band operation ............................................................................................................... 300

11.31.5 On-channel Tunneling (OCT) operation.................................................................... 300

11.45 Fast Initial Link Setup (FILS) procedures ............................................................................... 301

11.45.2 FILS Discovery frame generation and usage............................................................. 301

11.45.2.1 FILS Discovery frame transmission ........................................................ 301

11.49 Reduced neighbor report.......................................................................................................... 302

11.53 Out-of-band discovery of a 6 GHz BSS .................................................................................. 304

12. Security .............................................................................................................................................. 307

12.5 RSNA confidentiality and integrity protocols ......................................................................... 307

12.5.3 CTR with CBC-MAC protocol (CCMP) ................................................................... 307

12.5.3.3 CCMP cryptographic encapsulation ........................................................ 307

12.5.5 GCM protocol (GCMP) ............................................................................................. 307

12.5.5.3 GCMP cryptographic encapsulation........................................................ 307

12.12 Constraints on allowed security parameters ............................................................................ 307

12.12.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 307

12.12.2 Security constraints in the 6 GHz band ..................................................................... 307

14. MLME mesh procedures ................................................................................................................... 309

14.2 Mesh discovery ........................................................................................................................ 309

14.2.4 Mesh STA configuration ........................................................................................... 309

14.2.7 Candidate peer mesh STA ......................................................................................... 309

18. Extended Rate PHY (ERP) specification........................................................................................... 310

18.2 PHY-specific service parameter list ........................................................................................ 310

26. High-efficiency (HE) MAC specification.......................................................................................... 311

26.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 311

26.2 HE channel access ................................................................................................................... 311

26.2.1 TXOP duration-based RTS/CTS ............................................................................... 311

26.2.2 Intra-BSS and inter-BSS PPDU classification........................................................... 312

26.2.3 SRG PPDU identification .......................................................................................... 313

26.2.4 Updating two NAVs .................................................................................................. 314

26.2.5 Truncation of TXOP .................................................................................................. 315

26.2.6 MU-RTS Trigger/CTS frame exchange procedure ................................................... 316

26.2.6.1 General..................................................................................................... 316

26.2.6.2 MU-RTS Trigger frame transmission...................................................... 317

26.2.6.3 CTS frame response to an MU-RTS Trigger frame ................................ 318

26.2.7 EDCA operation using MU EDCA parameters......................................................... 319

26.2.8 Multiple frame transmission in an EDCA TXOP in the 6 GHz band........................ 321

26.3 Fragmentation and defragmentation ........................................................................................ 321

26.3.1 General....................................................................................................................... 321

26.3.2 Dynamic fragmentation ............................................................................................. 323

26.3.2.1 General..................................................................................................... 323

26.3.2.2 Level 1 dynamic fragmentation ............................................................... 324

26.3.2.3 Level 2 dynamic fragmentation ............................................................... 324

26.3.2.4 Level 3 dynamic fragmentation ............................................................... 324

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26.3.3 Dynamic defragmentation.......................................................................................... 325

26.3.3.1 General..................................................................................................... 325

26.3.3.2 Level 1 dynamic defragmentation ........................................................... 326

26.3.3.3 Level 2 dynamic defragmentation ........................................................... 326

26.3.3.4 Level 3 dynamic defragmentation ........................................................... 327

26.4 HE acknowledgment procedure............................................................................................... 328

26.4.1 Overview.................................................................................................................... 328

26.4.2 Acknowledgment context in a Multi-STA BlockAck frame ..................................... 330

26.4.3 Negotiation of block ack bitmap lengths ................................................................... 332

26.4.4 Per-PPDU acknowledgment selection rules .............................................................. 333

26.4.4.1 General..................................................................................................... 333

26.4.4.2 Responding to an HE SU PPDU or HE ER SU PPDU with an

SU PPDU ................................................................................................. 333

26.4.4.3 Responding to an HE MU PPDU with an SU PPDU .............................. 334

26.4.4.4 Responding to an HE MU PPDU, HE SU PPDU, or

HE ER SU PPDU with an HE TB PPDU ................................................ 334

26.4.4.5 Responding to an HE TB PPDU with an SU PPDU................................ 335

26.4.4.6 Responding to an HE TB PPDU with an HE MU PPDU........................ 336

26.4.5 HE block acknowledgment request and response rules............................................. 337

26.5 MU operation........................................................................................................................... 338

26.5.1 HE DL MU operation ................................................................................................ 338

26.5.1.1 General..................................................................................................... 338

26.5.1.2 RU addressing in an HE MU PPDU........................................................ 338

26.5.1.3 RU allocation in an HE MU PPDU ......................................................... 340

26.5.2 UL MU operation....................................................................................................... 341

26.5.2.1 General..................................................................................................... 341

26.5.2.2 Rules for soliciting UL MU frames ......................................................... 341

26.5.2.3 Non-AP STA behavior for UL MU operation ......................................... 349

26.5.2.4 A-MPDU contents in an HE TB PPDU................................................... 353

26.5.2.5 UL MU CS mechanism............................................................................ 356

26.5.3 MU cascading sequence............................................................................................. 357

26.5.4 UL OFDMA-based random access (UORA)............................................................. 358

26.5.4.1 General..................................................................................................... 358

26.5.4.2 Eligible RA-RUs...................................................................................... 359

26.5.4.3 Transmission procedure for UORA......................................................... 360

26.5.4.4 Retransmission procedure for UORA...................................................... 362

26.5.4.5 Additional considerations for unassociated STAs ................................... 362

26.5.5 Buffer status report operation .................................................................................... 363

26.5.6 Bandwidth query report operation ............................................................................. 365

26.5.7 NDP feedback report procedure ................................................................................ 366

26.5.7.1 General..................................................................................................... 366

26.5.7.2 STA behavior........................................................................................... 366

26.5.7.3 AP behavior ............................................................................................. 368

26.5.7.4 NDP feedback report for a resource request............................................ 368

26.5.7.5 Power save operation with NDP feedback report procedure ................... 369

26.5.8 Use of TSPEC by HE STAs ...................................................................................... 369

26.5.9 UL MU transmit power capabilities .......................................................................... 369

26.6 A-MPDU operation in an HE PPDU ....................................................................................... 369

26.6.1 General....................................................................................................................... 369

26.6.2 A-MPDU padding in an HE PPDU ........................................................................... 371

26.6.2.1 General..................................................................................................... 371

26.6.2.2 A-MPDU padding in an HE SU PPDU, HE ER SU PPDU, and

HE MU PPDU ......................................................................................... 371

26.6.2.3 A-MPDU padding in an HE TB PPDU ................................................... 371

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26.6.3 Multi-TID A-MPDU and ack-enabled single-TID A-MPDU ................................... 372

26.6.3.1 General..................................................................................................... 372

26.6.3.2 Ack-enabled single-TID A-MPDU operation.......................................... 374

26.6.3.3 Non-ack-enabled multi-TID A-MPDU operation.................................... 374

26.6.3.4 Ack-enabled multi-TID A-MPDU operation........................................... 374

26.7 HE sounding protocol .............................................................................................................. 375

26.7.1 General....................................................................................................................... 375

26.7.2 HE sounding protocol ................................................................................................ 375

26.7.3 Rules for HE sounding protocol sequences ............................................................... 378

26.7.4 Rules for generating segmented feedback ................................................................. 384

26.7.5 HE sounding NDP transmission ................................................................................ 385

26.8 TWT operation......................................................................................................................... 385

26.8.1 General....................................................................................................................... 385

26.8.2 Individual TWT agreements ...................................................................................... 386

26.8.3 Broadcast TWT operation.......................................................................................... 390

26.8.3.1 General..................................................................................................... 390

26.8.3.2 Rules for TWT scheduling AP................................................................. 392

26.8.3.3 Rules for TWT scheduled STA ............................................................... 396

26.8.4 Use of TWT Information frames ............................................................................... 400

26.8.4.1 General..................................................................................................... 400

26.8.4.2 TWT Information frame exchange for individual TWT.......................... 401

26.8.4.3 TWT Information frame exchange for broadcast TWT........................... 402

26.8.4.4 TWT Information frame exchange for flexible wake time...................... 403

26.8.5 Power save operation during TWT SPs..................................................................... 404

26.8.6 Negotiation of wake TBTT and wake interval .......................................................... 405

26.8.7 HE subchannel selective transmission....................................................................... 407

26.8.7.1 General..................................................................................................... 407

26.8.7.2 SST operation .......................................................................................... 407

26.9 Operating mode indication....................................................................................................... 408

26.9.1 General....................................................................................................................... 408

26.9.2 Receive operating mode (ROM) indication............................................................... 411

26.9.3 Transmit operating mode (TOM) indication ............................................................. 412

26.10 Spatial reuse operation............................................................................................................. 413

26.10.1 General....................................................................................................................... 413

26.10.2 OBSS PD-based spatial reuse operation.................................................................... 414

26.10.2.1 General..................................................................................................... 414

26.10.2.2 General operation with non-SRG OBSS PD level................................... 414

26.10.2.3 General operation with SRG OBSS PD level.......................................... 416

26.10.2.4 Adjustment of OBSS PD and transmit power ......................................... 417

26.10.2.5 OBSS PD SR transmit power restriction period...................................... 420

26.10.2.6 OBSS PD-based spatial reuse backoff procedure.................................... 421

26.10.3 PSR-based spatial reuse operation............................................................................. 422

26.10.3.1 General..................................................................................................... 422

26.10.3.2 PSR-based spatial reuse initiation............................................................ 422

26.10.3.3 PSR-based spatial reuse backoff procedure............................................. 423

26.10.3.4 UL Spatial Reuse subfield of Trigger frame............................................ 423

26.10.3.5 PSRT PPDU transmission requirements.................................................. 424

26.10.3.6 PSRT PPDU reception and response transmission requirements ............ 424

26.10.4 Interaction of OBSS PD and PSR-based spatial reuse .............................................. 424

26.11 Rules for setting some TXVECTOR parameters for PPDUs transmitted by an HE STA....... 425

26.11.1 STA_ID...................................................................................................................... 425

26.11.2 UPLINK_FLAG ........................................................................................................ 426

26.11.3 BEAM_CHANGE ..................................................................................................... 426

26.11.4 BSS_COLOR............................................................................................................. 426

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