2 Introduction to Radar Using Python and MATLAB
telemobiloscope to the German navy, there was little interest until the 1930s when the
urgency to detect enemy aircraft arose due to the advancement of long-range, large-
capacity bombers. During this time, development of systems to use short pulses of
electromagnetic energy to detect aircraft took place independently in the United States,
Great Britain, Germany, France, the Soviet Union, Italy, the Netherlands, and Japan. In
1939, a system with a single antenna for both transmitting and receiving was used on
the battleship USS New York for detecting and tracking aircraft and ships. Immediately
following World War II, advancement in radar technology slowed significantly [7].
However, the 1950s saw the emergence of highly accurate tracking radars and the use
of the klystron amplifier [8] for high-power, long-range systems. The statistical theory
of detection of signals in noise and the matched filter theory were published during
this time [9, 10]. Digital technology advancements in the 1970s gave rise to many
signal and data processing techniques including target discrimination. During the 1980s,
improvements in phased array systems, including solid-state and microwave circuit
technology, made remote sensing of environmental effects such as wind shear possible.
In 1990, an operational prototype of the WSR-88D (Weather Surveillance Radar, 1988,
Doppler) was completed, and the first installation for daily weather forecasting was
completed in Sterling, Virginia in 1992 [11]. These were the first of the next-generation
radar (NEXRAD) systems, which is a network of 159 high-resolution Doppler weather
radars [12]. Over the years, many enhancements have been made to weather radars,
including super resolution, dual polarization, and the automated volume scan evaluation
and termination (AVSET) algorithm [12]. Current digital technology and new signal and
data processing techniques have given rise to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
systems with digital beamforming and diverse waveforms, pushing radar systems toward
the goal of an all-digital design [13].
1.2 RADAR CLASSIFICATION
The early driving force behind the development of radar systems was the military need
to detect enemy aircraft. Since then, radar systems have seen application in many areas
such as cancer detection, autonomous vehicle navigation, weather forecasting, terrain
mapping, and through-wall detection. Therefore, it is often convenient to delineate
systems into various categories. Radar types may be classified based on the operating
frequency band, type of waveform used, application, and configuration. While there may
be other possible categories, the following sections focus on these four areas.
1.2.1 Frequency Band
The first method for classifying radar systems is by frequency band, which emerged
during World War II (e.g., L-band radars are used for air turbulence studies). Table
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