使用树莓派3构建超级计算机指南

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"Morrison, Build Supercomputers with Raspberry Pi 3" 本书是关于如何使用树莓派3构建和操作高性能的八节点或16节点超级计算机的详细指南。作者Carlos R. Morrison提供了从安装Linux/Ubuntu操作系统到配置、通信和操作树莓派超级计算机的系统性指导。首先，读者将学习如何在个人计算机上编写和运行串行及Message Passing Interface (MPI)程序，这一步可以视为单节点超级计算机的初步尝试。接着，将配置一个四核的树莓派单节点超级计算机，并在此基础上运行之前编写的MPI程序。然后，将组装一个包含两个节点、总共8个核心的树莓派超级计算机，再次执行相同的MPI程序。最后，读者将构建一个八节点或16节点的树莓派超级计算机，用于解决更复杂的计算问题，充分利用MPI架构的优势。书中的内容涵盖了从基础的硬件组装到高级的并行计算概念，适合那些希望通过树莓派这一低成本平台提升自己在集群计算和并行处理领域技能的读者。通过实际操作，读者不仅可以理解超级计算机的工作原理，还能掌握如何利用开源软件和工具来构建和优化这样的系统。 MPI（Message Passing Interface）是一种用于多处理器系统间通信的标准，它允许在分布式内存环境中进行进程间的通信，是构建超级计算机的关键技术之一。在树莓派集群上使用MPI，能够实现多个树莓派之间的协作计算，显著提高处理能力。这本书的出版旨在鼓励创新，通过实践帮助读者掌握复杂问题的求解方法。虽然出版时间为2017年，但其提供的基础知识和构建过程依然对当前的树莓派爱好者和IT从业者具有指导价值。尽管书中可能未涵盖最新的软硬件更新，但基本的原理和技术仍然适用，读者可以根据当前的技术环境进行相应的调整和升级。《Morrison, Build Supercomputers with Raspberry Pi 3》是一本深入浅出的教程，适合对树莓派、集群计算以及并行处理感兴趣的读者。通过这本书，读者可以学习到如何利用树莓派3这样的低成本硬件搭建功能强大的超级计算机，同时提升自己的编程和系统集成能力。

Getting Started with Supercomputing

[ 10 ]

Any discussion concerning computers must include the contributions of the famed

Hungarian mathematician/genius Dr. John von Neumann. He was the first to stipulate, in

his famous 1945 paper, the general requirements for an electronic computer. This device

was called a stored-program computer, since the data and program instructions are kept in

electronic memory. The specification was a departure from earlier designs where computers

were programmed via hard wiring. Von Neumann's basic design has endured to this day,

as practically all modern-day processors exhibit some vestiges of this design architecture

(see the following figure):

Von Neumann architecture

Von Neumann's design basic components are tabulated as follows:

The four main elements:

A memory component

A controller unit

A logic unit for doing arithmetic

An input and output port

A means for storing data and program instructions termed read/write random

access memory

The data is information utilized by the program

The program instructions consist of coded data that guides the

computer to complete a task

Controller Unit acquires information from memory, deciphers the information,

and then sequentially synchronizes processes to achieve the programmed task

Basic arithmetic operations occur in the Arithmetic Logic Unit

Getting Started with Supercomputing

[ 14 ]

The relentless drive for ever-greater computing power began in earnest in 1957 when a

splinter group of engineers left the Sperry Corporation to launched the Minneapolis, MN

based Control Data Corporation (CDC). In the subsequent year, the venerable Seymour

Cray also left Sperry. He teamed up with the Sperry splinter group at CDC, and in 1960 the

48-bit CDC1604 – the first solid state computer – was presented to the world. It operated at

100,000 operations per second. It was a computational beast at the time, and certainly a

unicorn in a world dominated by vacuum tubes.

Cray's CDC1604 was designed to be the apex machine of that era. However, after an

additional 4 years of experimentation with colleagues Jim Thornton, Dean Roush, and 30

other Cray engineers, the 60-bit CDC6600 was born. The machine debuted in 1964. The

development of the CDC 6600 was made possible when the company Fairchild

Semiconductor delivered to Cray and his team the much faster compact germanium

transistors, which were used in lieu of the slower silicon-based transistors. These faster,

compact, germanium transistors, however, had a drawback, namely excessive heat

generation. This problem was mitigated with refrigeration, an innovation pioneered by

Dean Roush. Because the machine outperformed its contemporaries by a factor of 10, it was

dubbed a supercomputer, and after selling 100 computers, each costing a stratospheric $8

million, the moniker has now become permanently etched in our collective consciousness

for decades hence.

The 6600 achieved speed acceleration by outsourcing mundane work to associated

computing peripherals, thus freeing up the CPU for actual data processing. The machine

used the Minnesota FORTRAN compiler designed by Liddiard and Mundstock (both men

were affiliated with the University of Minnesota). The compiler allowed the processor to

operate at a sustained 500 kiloflops, or 0.5 megaflops, on sustained mathematical

operations. The subsequent CDC7600 machine regained the mantle as the world's apex

machine in 1968; it ran at 36.4 MHz (approximately 3.5 times faster than the 6600). The

speed gain was achieved by using other technical innovations. Only 50 of the 7,600

machines were sold. The 7600 is depicted following:

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s DFP update Gt+1 =  I − yts ⊤ t y ⊤ t st  Gt  I − sty ⊤ t y ⊤ t st  + yty ⊤ t y ⊤ t st . The corresponding update to inverse of Hessian estimator is G −1 t+1 = G −1 t − G −1 t yty ⊤ t G −1 t y ⊤ t G −1 t yt + sts ⊤ t y ⊤ t st .

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s DFP update Gt+1 = I − yts ⊤ t y ⊤ t st Gt I − sty ⊤ t y ⊤ t st + yty ⊤ t y ⊤ t st . The corresponding update to inverse of Hessian estimator is G −1 t+1 = G −1 t − G −1 t yty ⊤ t G −1 t y ⊤ t G −1 t yt + sts ⊤ t y ⊤ t st .

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