50实用方法提升STL标准模板库使用技巧

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I had an enormous amount of help during the roughly two years it

took me to make some sense of the STL, create a training course on it,

and write this book. Of all my sources of assistance, two were particu-

larly important. The first is Mark Rodgers. Mark generously volun-

teered to review my training materials as I created them, and I learned

more about the STL from him than from anybody else. He also acted

as a technical reviewer for this book, again providing observations and

insights that improved virtually every Item.

The other outstanding source of information was several C++-related

Usenet newsgroups, especially

comp.lang.c++.moderated (“clcm”),

comp.std.c++, and microsoft.public.vc.stl. For well over a decade, I’ve de-

pended on the participants in newsgroups like these to answer my

questions and challenge my thinking, and it’s difficult to imagine what

I’d do without them. I am deeply grateful to the Usenet community for

their help with both this book and my prior publications on C++.

My understanding of the STL was shaped by a variety of publications,

the most important of which are listed in the Bibliography. I leaned

especially heavily on Josuttis’ The C++ Standard Library [3].

This book is fundamentally a summary of insights and observations

made by others, though a few of the ideas are my own. I’ve tried to

keep track of where I learned what, but the task is hopeless, because

a typical Item contains information garnered from many sources over

a long period of time. What follows is incomplete, but it’s the best I

can do. Please note that my goal here is to summarize where I first

learned of an idea or technique, not where the idea or technique was

originally developed or who came up with it.

In Item 1, my observation that node-based containers offer better sup-

port for transactional semantics is based on section 5.11.2 of Josuttis’

The C++ Standard Library [3]. Item 2 includes an example from Mark

Rodgers on how

typedefs help when allocator types are changed.

Acknowledgments

xvi Acknowledgments Effective STL

Item 5 was motivated by Reeves’ C++ Report column, “STL

Gotchas” [17]. Item 8 sprang from Item 37 in Sutter’s Exceptional

C++ [8], and Kevlin Henney provided important details on how con-

tainers of

auto_ptrs fail in practice. In Usenet postings, Matt Austern

provided examples of when allocators are useful, and I include his ex-

amples in Item 11. Item 12 is based on the discussion of thread safety

at the SGI STL web site [21]. The material in Item 13 on the perfor-

mance implications of reference counting in a multithreaded environ-

ment is drawn from Sutter’s writings on this topic [20]. The idea for

Item 15 came from Reeves’ C++ Report column, “Using Standard

string

in the Real World, Part 2,” [18]. In Item 16, Mark Rodgers came up

with the technique I show for having a C API write data directly into a

vector. Item 17 includes information from Usenet postings by Siemel

Naran and Carl Barron. I stole Item 18 from Sutter’s C++ Report col-

umn, “When Is a Container Not a Container?” [12]. In Item 20, Mark

Rodgers contributed the idea of transforming a pointer into an object

via a dereferencing functor, and Scott Lewandowski came up with the

version of

DereferenceLess I present. Item 21 originated in a Doug Har-

rison posting to

microsoft.public.vc.stl, but the decision to restrict the

focus of that Item to equality was mine. I based Item 22 on Sutter’s

C++ Report column, “Standard Library News:

sets and maps” [13];

Matt Austern helped me understand the status of the Standardization

Committee’s Library Issue #103. Item 23 was inspired by Austern’s

C++ Report article, “Why You Shouldn’t Use

set — and What to Use

Instead” [15]; David Smallberg provided a neat refinement for my im-

plementation of

DataCompare. My description of Dinkumware’s hashed

containers is based on Plauger’s C/C++ Users Journal column, “Hash

Tables” [16]. Mark Rodgers doesn’t agree with the overall advice of

Item 26, but an early motivation for that Item was his observation

that some container member functions accept only arguments of type

iterator. My treatment of Item 29 was motivated and informed by

Usenet discussions involving Matt Austern and James Kanze; I was

also influenced by Kreft and Langer’s C++ Report article, “A Sophisti-

cated Implementation of User-Defined Inserters and Extractors” [25].

Item 30 is due to a discussion in section 5.4.2 of Josuttis’ The C++

Standard Library [3]. In Item 31, Marco Dalla Gasperina contributed

the example use of

nth_element to calculate medians, and use of that

algorithm for finding percentiles comes straight out of section 18.7.1

of Stroustrup’s The C++ Programming Language [7]. Item 32 was influ-

enced by the material in section 5.6.1 of Josuttis’ The C++ Standard

Library [3]. Item 35 originated in Austern’s C++ Report column “How

to Do Case-Insensitive String Comparison” [11], and James Kanze’s

and John Potter’s

clcm postings helped me refine my understanding of

the issues involved. Stroustrup’s implementation for

copy_if, which I

Effective STL Acknowledgments xvii

show in Item 36, is from section 18.6.1 of his The C++ Programming

Language [7]. Item 39 was largely motivated by the publications of Jo-

suttis, who has written about “stateful predicates” in his The C++

Standard Library [3], in Standard Library Issue #92, and in his C++

Report article, “Predicates vs. Function Objects” [14]. In my treatment,

I use his example and recommend a solution he has proposed, though

the use of the term “pure function” is my own. Matt Austern con-

firmed my suspicion in Item 41 about the history of the terms

mem_fun and mem_fun_ref. Item 42 can be traced to a lecture I got

from Mark Rodgers when I considered violating that guideline. Mark

Rodgers is also responsible for the insight in Item 44 that non-mem-

ber searches over

maps and multimaps examine both components of

each pair, while member searches examine only the first (key) compo-

nent. Item 45 contains information from various

clcm contributors, in-

cluding John Potter, Marcin Kasperski, Pete Becker, Dennis Yelle, and

David Abrahams. David Smallberg alerted me to the utility of

equal_range in performing equivalence-based searches and counts

over sorted sequence containers. Andrei Alexandrescu helped me un-

derstand the conditions under which “the reference-to-reference prob-

lem” I describe in Item 50 arises, and I modeled my example of the

problem on a similar example provided by Mark Rodgers at the Boost

Web Site [22].

Credit for the material in Appendix A goes to Matt Austern, of course.

I’m grateful that he not only gave me permission to include it in this

book, he also tweaked it to make it even better than the original.

Good technical books require a thorough pre-publication vetting, and

I was fortunate to benefit from the insights of an unusually talented

group of technical reviewers. Brian Kernighan and Cliff Green offered

early comments on a partial draft, and complete versions of the manu-

script were scrutinized by Doug Harrison, Brian Kernighan, Tim

Johnson, Francis Glassborow, Andrei Alexandrescu, David Smallberg,

Aaron Campbell, Jared Manning, Herb Sutter, Stephen Dewhurst,

Matt Austern, Gillmer Derge, Aaron Moore, Thomas Becker, Victor

Von, and, of course, Mark Rodgers. Katrina Avery did the copyediting.

One of the most challenging parts of preparing a book is finding good

technical reviewers. I thank John Potter for introducing me to Jared

Manning and Aaron Campbell.

Herb Sutter kindly agreed to act as my surrogate in compiling, run-

ning, and reporting on the behavior of some STL test programs under

a beta version of Microsoft’s Visual Studio .NET, while Leor Zolman

undertook the herculean task of testing all the code in this book. Any

errors that remain are my fault, of course, not Herb’s or Leor’s.

xviii Acknowledgments Effective STL

Angelika Langer opened my eyes to the indeterminate status of some

aspects of STL function objects. This book has less to say about func-

tion objects than it otherwise might, but what it does say is more

likely to remain true. At least I hope it is.

This printing of the book is better than earlier printings, because I

was able to address problems identified by the following sharp-eyed

readers: Jon Webb, Michael Hawkins, Derek Price, Jim Scheller, Carl

Manaster, Herb Sutter, Albert Franklin, George King, Dave Miller,

Harold Howe, John Fuller, Tim McCarthy, John Hershberger, Igor

Mikolic-Torreira, Stephan Bergmann, Robert Allan Schwartz, John

Potter, David Grigsby, Sanjay Pattni, Jesper Andersen, Jing Tao

Wang, André Blavier, Dan Schmidt, Bradley White, Adam Petersen,

Wayne Goertel, Gabriel Netterdag, Jason Kenny, Scott Blachowicz,

Seyed H. Haeri, Gareth McCaughan, Giulio Agostini, Fraser Ross,

Wolfram Burkhardt, Keith Stanley, Leor Zolman, Chan Ki Lok, Motti

Abramsky, Kevlin Henney, Stefan Kuhlins, Phillip Ngan, Jim Phillips,

Ruediger Dreier, Guru Chandar, Charles Brockman, Day Barr, Eric

Niebler, Sharad Kala, Declan Moran, Nick de Smith, David Callaway,

Shlomi Frank, Andrea Griffini, Hans Eckardt, David Smallberg, Matt

Page, and Andy Fyfe. I’m grateful for their help in improving Effective

STL.

My collaborators at Addison-Wesley included John Wait (my editor

and now a senior VP), Alicia Carey and Susannah Buzard (his assis-

tants n and n+1), John Fuller (the production coordinator), Karin

Hansen (the cover designer), Jason Jones (all-around technical guru,

especially with respect to the demonic software spewed forth by

Adobe), Marty Rabinowitz (their boss, but he works, too), and Curt

Johnson, Chanda Leary-Coutu, and Robin Bruce (all marketing peo-

ple, but still very nice).

Abbi Staley made Sunday lunches a routinely pleasurable experience.

As she has for the six books and one CD that came before it, my wife,

Nancy, tolerated the demands of my research and writing with her

usual forbearance and offered me encouragement and support when I

needed it most. She never fails to remind me that there’s more to life

than C++ and software.

And then there’s our dog, Persephone. As I write this, it is her sixth

birthday. Tonight, she and Nancy and I will visit Baskin-Robbins for

ice cream. Persephone will have vanilla. One scoop. In a cup. To go.

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