2019年3月版：Kubernetes权威指南

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"The Kubernetes Book March 2019.pdf" 《Kubernetes Book》是2019年3月更新版的一本详细介绍Kubernetes的书籍，由Nigel Poulton撰写，旨在帮助读者快速理解Kubernetes的核心概念。这本书不仅包含最新的Kubernetes版本的信息，还反映了云原生生态系统中的最新趋势。书中对每个页面和示例进行了全面审查，确保所有内容与当时（2019年3月）的Kubernetes最新版本保持同步，提供准确且实用的知识。此外，这一版还增加了新的章节内容，以满足读者深入学习的需求。新添加的存储章节涵盖了Kubernetes在持久化数据方面的功能，包括如何配置和管理不同类型的存储卷，如本地存储、网络存储（如NFS、iSCSI）以及云提供商的存储解决方案，如AWS的EBS或Google Cloud Storage。这部分内容对于需要确保应用程序数据安全性和可移植性的开发者至关重要。两篇新的安全章节深入探讨了Kubernetes的安全实践和策略。这些章节可能涉及了身份验证、授权、网络策略、秘密管理以及容器安全等方面。Kubernetes的安全性是其广泛应用的关键因素，了解如何保护集群、控制访问权限以及确保容器安全运行对于任何操作Kubernetes环境的人来说都是必不可少的知识。此外，作者Nigel Poulton提到，他的灵感来自于Pluralsight和A Cloud Guru的培训视频观众的反馈。这表明本书的内容不仅仅是理论知识，还融入了实际操作经验，旨在帮助读者提升技能，推动职业生涯发展。《Kubernetes Book March 2019》是一本全面而现代的Kubernetes指南，适合DevOps从业者、微服务架构师以及任何希望深入了解和使用Kubernetes的人。它将带领读者深入了解这个强大的容器编排系统，从基本概念到高级特性，再到安全和存储的最佳实践，全方位提升读者在云原生环境中的专业能力。

As things stand, Kubernetes is an open-source project under the CNCF, licensed under the Apache 2.0

license, and version 1.0 shipped way back in July 2015.

Kubernetes – what’s in the name

The name Kubernetes (koo-ber-net-eez) comes from the Greek word meaning Helmsman – the

person who steers a ship. This theme is reflected in the logo.

Figure 1.4 - The Kubernetes logo

Apparently, Kubernetes was originally going to be called Seven of Nine. If you know your Star Trek,

you’ll know that Seven of Nine is a female Borg rescued by the crew of the USS Voyager under the

command of Captain Kathryn Janeway. The seven spokes on the logo are also a reference to Seven of

Nine. However, copyright laws prevented this.

One last thing about the name before moving on. You’ll often see Kubernetes shortened to K8s. The

number 8 replacing the 8 characters between the K and the S – great for tweets and lazy typists like

me ;-)

A data center OS

Generally speaking, containers make our previous scalability challenges look easy – we’ve just said

that Google goes through billions of containers per week!

That’s great, but not everybody is the size of Google. What about the rest of us?

Well… as a general rule, if your legacy apps have hundreds of VMs, there’s a good chance your

containerized cloud-native apps will have thousands of containers. With this in mind, we desperately

need a way to manage them.

Say hello to Kubernetes.

Also, we live in a business and technology world that is increasingly fragmented and in a constant

state of disruption. With this in mind, we desperately need a framework and platform that is

ubiquitous and hides the complexity.

Again, say hello to Kubernetes.

When getting your head around something like Kubernetes it’s important to understand modern data

center architectures. For example, we’re moving away from the traditional view of the data center as

collection of computers. Instead, we’re viewing it as a single large computer.

OK… but what does that even mean?

A typical computer is a collection of CPU, RAM, storage, and networking. But we’ve done a great

job of building operating systems (OS) that abstract most of that away. For example, it’s rare for a

developer to care which CPU core or exact memory address their application uses – we let the OS

decide all of that. And it’s a good thing, the world of application development is a far friendlier place

for it.

So, it’s natural to take this to the next level and apply those same abstractions to data center resources

– to view the data center as just a pool of compute, network and storage, and have a data center

operating system that abstracts it. This means we no longer need to care about which server or

storage volume our containers are running on – just leave this up to the data center OS.

In some ways, Kubernetes is a data center OS. Others do exist, but they’re all in what we often call

the cattle business. In this model, you forget about naming your servers, mapping volumes in a

spreadsheet, and otherwise treating your data center assets like pets. Systems like Kubernetes don’t

care. Gone are the days of taking your app and saying “Run this part of the app on this specific

named-node, with this IP, on this specific volume…“. In the cloud-native Kubernetes world, we’re

more about saying “Hey Kubernetes, I’ve got this app and it consists of these parts… just run it for

me please”. Kubernetes then goes off and does all the hard work of scheduling and orchestrating.

Note: No offence is intended to anyone, or any animals, when using the terms pets and cattle.

Let’s look at a quick analogy…

Think about the process of sending goods via a courier service. You package the goods in the

courier’s standard packaging, put a label on it, and hand it over to the courier. The courier takes care

of everything else – all the complex logistics of which planes and trucks it goes on, which highways

to use, and who the driver should be etc. They also provide services that let you do things like track

your package and make delivery changes. The point is, the only thing that the courier requires is that

the goods are packaged and labelled according to their requirements.

The same goes for apps in Kubernetes. Package them as containers, give them a declarative manifest,

and let Kubernetes take care of running them and keeping them running. You also get a rich set of tools

and APIs that let you introspect (observe and examine) your app . It’s a beautiful thing.

While all of this sounds great, don’t take this data center OS analogy too far. It’s not a point-and click

install, you don’t end up with a shell prompt to control your entire data center, and you definitely

don’t get a free solitaire card game.

We’re in the early stages, but Kubernetes is leading the way and I think you’ll love it.

Chapter summary

Kubernetes is the leading orchestrator of cloud-native apps. At the highest-level, it’s all about

providing an industry-standard API in front of a datacenter. It pools data center resources such as,

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