锰掺杂镉硒量子点新型饱和吸收器实现光纤激光脉冲锁定

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本文主要探讨了一种新颖的模式锁定光纤激光器（Mode-locked Fiber Laser, MFL）的设计与实现，该系统采用了锰掺杂镉化硒量子点（Manganese-doped Cadmium Selenide Quantum Dots, MnCdSe QDs）作为饱和吸收器。这种技术在erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) 中的应用显著提升了激光器的性能。研究团队来自马来西亚的马拉亚理工学院和马六甲科技大学，他们在2017年3月30日收到论文并接受于同年4月20日在线发布。他们通过调控泵浦功率，成功实现了从113至250毫瓦的范围内，激光器以1561.1纳米的波长产生稳定且重复率为1兆赫兹的模式锁定脉冲。当泵浦功率达到最大值时，激光产生的脉冲宽度仅为459纳米，信号噪声比达到了高50分贝的优异水平。 Manganese-doped Cadmium Selenide Quantum Dots 的引入对MFL的性能提升具有重要意义，它作为一种新型的非线性光学材料，具有很好的光吸收特性，在模式锁定机制中起到了关键作用，能有效地控制激光的自相位调制，从而实现脉冲的短脉宽和高稳定性。这一工作不仅扩展了MnCdSe QDs在光纤激光器应用中的可能性，也为其他光子学研究提供了新的视角。此外，文章还提到了光学信息科学领域（Optical Sciences, codes: 140.4050, 140.3500, 160.4236）的相关编码，这表明这项研究对于光纤通信、光开关、以及可能的高速数据传输等领域具有实际应用价值。最后，引用的DOI（Digital Object Identifier）为10.，表明了文章的可追踪性和学术界的认可。总结来说，这篇论文是一项关于高性能模式锁定光纤激光器的技术突破，展示了MnCdSe QDs在优化激光器性能方面的重要贡献，为光通信和相关技术的发展提供了新的研究方向。

Mode-locked fiber laser with a manganese-doped

cadmium selenide saturable absorber

A. H. A. Rosol

, H. A. Rahman

, E. I. Ismail

, Z. Jusoh

, A. A. Latiff

, and S. W. Harun

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Teknologi Mara, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia

Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Teknologi Mara (Terengganu), Dungun 23000, Malaysia

Photonics Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: swharun@um.edu.my

Received January 28, 2017; accepted March 30, 2017; posted online April 20, 2017

We demonstrate the generation of mode-locked pulses in an erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) by using a new

manganese-doped cadmium selenide quantum-dots-based saturable absorber. The laser produces a soliton pulse

train operating at 1561.1 nm with a repetition rate of 1 MHz, as the pump power is varied from 113 to 250 mW.

At the maximum pump power, we obtain the pulse duration of 459 ns with a signal-to-noise ratio of 50 dB.

OCIS codes: 140.4050, 140.3500, 160.4236.

doi: 10.3788/COL201715.071405.

Pulsed laser generation was started in the 1980s through

the development of a dye gain medium, followed by a solid

state gain medium a decade later. The research interest

moves to a fiber gain medium in the early 2000s, especially

on generating pulsed fiber lasers because of their compact-

ness and high reliability. The pulsed fiber lasers, such as a

mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL), have of-

fered many applications in various fields, such as telecom-

munication, bio-sensing, and material processing

[1–4]

There are different methods for generating a mode-locked

laser; one of the simplest and most effective ways is by us-

ing a passive saturable absorber (SA). To date, various

mode-locked fiber lasers have used a ytterbium-doped fi-

ber (YDF), an erbium-doped fiber (EDF), or a thulium-

doped fiber (TDF) as the gain media

[5–7]

. On the other

hand, various types of SAs have also been reported to pro-

duce mode-locked pulse trains, such as a semiconductor

SA mirror (SESAM)

[8]

, carbon nanotubes (CNT)

[9]

, and

graphene

[10]

. SESAM is readily available on the market.

However, it has limited bandwidth and requires compli-

cated and expensive fabrication. Then, a CNT was regu-

larly used in a mode-locked fiber laser as an SA due to its

rapid recovery time and broad absorption spectrum

[11]

, but

not for its stability. Later, graphene was reported by Bao

et al.

[12]

, who showed it as a promising material for an SA.

Graphene provides several advantages such as a great

saturable absorption modulation depth and fast recovery

time

[13,14]

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as

transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)

[15]

and black

phosphorus (BP)

[16]

, have also attracted considerable

interest as convincing SA materials for mode-locked fiber

laser application. BP has gained more attraction due to

its narrow direct band gap, which can fill the gap

between graphene and wide band-gap TMDs. However,

BP cannot be exposed to oxygen and water molecule s

due to its hydrophilic properties, which can reduce its

performance

[17,18]

. More recently, a quantum dots (QDs)

semiconductor crystal was established as one of nanoma-

terials groups, which gained attraction for many research-

ers due to its wide range of applications, including

processing a solar cell

[19]

, as a biological device

[20]

, and as

a probe for energy filtered transmission electron micros-

copy (TEM)

[21]

. One of the promising materials in QDs

is cadmium selenide (CdSe), which provides great photo-

electrical properties and a direct band gap of 1.74 eV

[22,23]

for making a photodetector and a photovoltaic system

[24]

Moreover, CdSe shows excellent photostability, which

maintains its optical properties for ten days under ambi-

ent conditions

[25]

. The CdSe band-gap size can be reduced

by increasin g the crystal size

[26]

, as well as the impurities

and defects in a CdSe crystal

[27]

. So, the band-gap energy of

CdSe depends on the crystal size, and, thus, it is beneficial

for biological and chemical sensors.

In this Letter, a mode-locked EDFL operating at

1561.1 nm demonstrates manganese (Mn)-doped CdSe

QD as an SA. To the best of our knowledge, this the first

demonstration of mode-locking pulse generation by using

Mn-doped CdSe as a mode locker.

In this work, the first stage of the process is the

fabrication of CdSe powder. The process was similar to

previous reports

[28,29]

, where cadmium oxide (CdO),

selenium (Se), and Mn acetate powders were used as a pre-

cursor. In this process, a mixture of oleic acid and paraffin

oil is prepared as a solvent with a ratio 3:5. After that, the

CdO and Mn acetate powder is mixed with the prepared

solvent under an argon gas flow with a temperature of

160°C by using a three-neck flask. The mixture is then

stirred continuously until all of the powders totally dis-

solve before it is distilled in a vacuum to eliminate any re-

maining acetone. Later, the Se powder is dissolved in

paraffin oil at a 220°C temperature. Lastly, 5 mL of an

Mn–Cd solution was promptly added into the Se–

paraffin-oil solution so that it allowed for a gradual growth

COL 15(7), 071405(2017) CHINESE OPTICS LETTERS July 10, 2017

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