OpenGL 4.0着色语言实用指南：60个实战技巧

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《OpenGL 4.0 Shading Language Cookbook》是一本经典的计算机图形学进阶书籍，它紧跟了图形技术的最前沿发展，专为那些希望提升OpenGL 4.0 shading language应用能力的开发者提供了约60个精心设计、实践性强的菜谱。作者David Wolff以其丰富的经验，将理论与实战紧密结合，帮助读者理解和掌握OpenGL编程中的关键概念和技术。书中内容涵盖了以下几个重要的知识点： 1. OpenGL 4.0简介：该版本是OpenGL技术的重大升级，引入了许多新的特性，如几何着色器、多视口渲染等，这对于实现高效且现代的3D图形渲染至关重要。 2. OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL)深度解析：GLSL是用于编写GPU着色器的编程语言，此书深入讲解了其语法结构、数据类型、算术运算、控制流程、函数、纹理处理等核心概念。 3. 高级特性实践：包括如何利用GLSL的特性进行光照计算（如全局光照、阴影贴图）、着色器性能优化（如常量缓冲区、顶点/片段合并）以及如何编写复杂的几何着色器和片段着色器来实现复杂的图形效果。 4. 技术应用实例：书中提供了大量的代码示例和实战项目，涵盖游戏开发、实时图形渲染、虚拟现实、图形接口等领域，使读者能够快速上手并将其应用于实际工作场景。 5. 编程技巧与最佳实践：作者分享了如何避免常见错误、调试策略以及如何遵循最佳编码风格，确保代码的可维护性和兼容性。 6. 版权与免责声明：尽管本书力求准确，但所有信息不带有任何形式的担保，包括明示或暗示的，作者和出版社不对因本书内容导致的直接或间接损失负责。通过阅读《OpenGL 4.0 Shading Language Cookbook》，读者不仅可以提升自己的OpenGL编程技能，还能紧跟图形编程的发展趋势，为在现代图形处理领域取得成功奠定坚实的基础。无论是初学者还是经验丰富的开发人员，这本书都是一份宝贵的资源。

Preface

A block of code is set as follows:

#version 400

in vec3 LightIntensity;

layout( location = 0 ) out vec4 FragColor;

void main() {

FragColor = vec4(LightIntensity, 1.0);

}

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines or

items are set in bold:

QGLFormat format;

format.setVersion(4,0);

format.setProfile(QGLFormat::CoreProfile);

QGLWidget *myWidget = new QGLWidget(format);

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the screen, in

menus or dialog boxes for example, appear in the text like this: "The four corners of the quad are

given by: e0 – ext, e0 – n – ext, e1 + ext, and e1 –n + ext as shown in the preceding diagram".

Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.

Tips and tricks appear like this.

Reader feedback

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Getting Started with GLSL 4.0

Introduction

The OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL) Version 4.0 brings unprecedented power and

exibility to programmers interested in creating modern, interactive, graphical programs.

It allows us to harness the power of modern Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) in a

straightforward way by providing a simple yet powerful language and API. Of course, the rst

step towards using the OpenGL Shading Language version 4.0 is to create a program that

utilizes the latest version of the OpenGL API. GLSL programs don't stand on their own, they

must be a part of a larger OpenGL program. In this chapter, I will provide some tips on getting

a basic OpenGL/GLSL program up and running and some techniques for communication

between the OpenGL application and the shader (GLSL) program. There isn't any GLSL

programming in this chapter, but don't worry, we'll jump into GLSL with both feet in Chapter 2.

First, let's start with some background.

The OpenGL Shading Language

The OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL) is now a fundamental and integral part of the OpenGL

API. Going forward, every program written using OpenGL will internally utilize one or several

GLSL programs. These "mini-programs" written in GLSL are often referred to as shader

programs, or simply shaders. A shader program is one that runs on the GPU, and as the

name implies, it (typically) implements the algorithms related to the lighting and shading

effects of a 3-dimensional image. However, shader programs are capable of doing much more

than just implementing a shading algorithm. They are also capable of performing animation,

tessellation, and even generalized computation.

The eld of study dubbed GPGPU (General Purpose Computing on

Graphics Processing Units) is concerned with utilization of GPUs (often

using specialized APIs such as CUDA or OpenCL) to perform general purpose

computations such as uid dynamics, molecular dynamics, cryptography, and

so on.

Shader programs are designed to be executed directly on the GPU and often in parallel. For

example, a fragment shader might be executed once for every pixel, with each execution

running simultaneously on a separate GPU thread. The number of processors on the graphics

card determines how many can be executed at one time. This makes shader programs

incredibly efcient, and provides the programmer with a simple API for implementing highly

parallel computation.

The computing power available in modern graphics cards is impressive. The following table

shows the number of shader processors available for several models in the NVIDIA GeForce

400 series cards (source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Nvidia_

graphics_processing_units

Chapter 1

Model Unied Shader Processors

GeForce GT 430 96

GeForce GTS 450 192

GeForce GTX 480 480

Shader programs are intended to replace parts of the OpenGL architecture referred to as the

xed-function pipeline. The default lighting/shading algorithm was a core part of this xed-

function pipeline. When we, as programmers, wanted to implement more advanced or realistic

effects, we used various tricks to force the xed-function pipeline into being more exible

than it really was. The advent of GLSL helped by providing us with the ability to replace this

"hard-coded" functionality with our own programs written in GLSL, thus giving us a great deal

of additional exibility and power. For more details on the programmable pipeline, see the

introduction to Chapter 2.

In fact, recent (core) versions of OpenGL not only provide this capability, but they require

shader programs as part of every OpenGL program. The old xed-function pipeline has

been deprecated in favor of a new programmable pipeline, a key part of which is the shader

program written in GLSL.

Proles: Core vs. Compatibility

OpenGL version 3.0 introduced a deprecation model, which allowed for the gradual removal

of functions from the OpenGL specication. Functions or features can now be marked as

deprecated, meaning that they are expected to be removed from a future version of OpenGL.

For example, immediate mode rendering using glBegin/glEnd was marked deprecated in

version 3.0 and removed in version 3.1.

In order to maintain backwards compatibility, the concept of compatibility proles was

introduced with OpenGL 3.2. A programmer who is writing code intended for a particular

version of OpenGL (with older features removed) would use the so-called core prole.

Someone who also wanted to maintain compatibility with older functionality could use the

compatibility prole.

It may be somewhat confusing that there is also the concept of a full vs.

forward compatible context, which is distinguished slightly from the concept of

a core vs. compatibility prole. A context that is considered forward compatible

basically indicates that all deprecated functionality has been removed. In other

words, if a context is forward compatible, it only includes functions that are in

the core, but not those that were marked as deprecated. A full context supports

all features of the selected version. Some window APIs provide the ability to

select full or forward compatible status along with the prole.

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