"2021俄罗斯海事登记船舶规则：海洋船舶第X部分锅炉、换热器和压力容器"

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The "Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea-Going Ships Part X Boilers" is a detailed document issued by the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping (RS) in 2021. This comprehensive guide outlines the requirements and standards for the design, construction, and maintenance of boilers, heat exchangers, and pressure vessels on sea-going ships. These rules are essential for ensuring the safety and compliance of marine vessels, as well as the protection of the environment. The document covers various aspects related to boilers, including their materials, design, installation, operation, and maintenance. It provides guidelines for the proper construction and inspection of boilers to prevent accidents and ensure optimal performance. Additionally, the rules specify the requirements for heat exchangers and pressure vessels to guarantee their reliability and efficiency on board ships. By following the regulations outlined in the "Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea-Going Ships Part X Boilers," shipowners, designers, and operators can ensure the safe and reliable operation of their vessels. Compliance with these standards is crucial for obtaining classification and certification from the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, demonstrating the vessel's adherence to international maritime regulations. Overall, this document plays a vital role in promoting maritime safety, environmental protection, and operational excellence in the shipping industry. It serves as a valuable resource for industry professionals to reference when designing, building, and maintaining boilers, heat exchangers, and pressure vessels on sea-going ships. The RS rules set high standards for quality and performance, reflecting the organization's commitment to upholding the highest levels of safety and sustainability in the maritime sector.

Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea-Going Ships (Part X)

1.8 BOILER ROOMS

1.8.1 The boiler rooms shall satisfy the requirements of 4.2 — 4.5, Part VII "Machinery

Installations".

Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea-Going Ships (Part X)

2 STRENGTH CALCULATIONS

2.1 GENERAL

2.1.1 Application.

2.1.1.1 The wall thicknesses obtained by calculation are the lowest permissible values

under normal operating conditions.

The standards and methods of strength calculation do not take into account the

manufacture tolerances for thicknesses, which shall be added as special allowances to the

design thickness values.

Additional stresses due to external loads (axial forces, bending moments and torques)

acting upon the element under calculation (in particular, loads due to its own mass,

the mass of attached elements, etc.) shall be specially taken into account as required by the

2.1.1.2 The dimensions of structural elements of boilers, heat exchangers and pressure

vessels, for which no strength calculation methods are given in the present Rules,

shall be determined on the basis of experimental data and proved theoretical strength

calculations under common and agreed with the Register standards.

2.1.2 Design pressure.

2.1.2.1 The design pressure to be used for strength calculations of the elements

of boilers, heat exchangers and pressure vessels shall generally be taken equal to the working

pressure of the medium.

The hydrostatic pressure shall be taken into account in the design pressure calculations

when it exceeds 0,05 MPa.

2.1.2.2 For uniflow and forced-circulation boilers the design pressure

shall be determined with due consideration for the hydrodynamic resistances in boiler

elements at the design steaming capacity.

2.1.2.3 For flat walls subject to pressure on both sides, the design pressure

shall be taken as equal to the maximum pressure acting on the walls.

The walls with curved surfaces subject to pressure on both sides shall be designed both

for the internal and external pressures.

Where the pressure on one side of the wall with flat or curved surface is below the

atmospheric pressure, the design pressure shall be taken as equal to the maximum pressure

acting on the other side of the wall plus 0,1 MPa.

2.1.2.4 For economizers the design pressure shall be taken as equal to the sum total

of the working pressure in the boiler steam drum and the hydrodynamic resistances in the

economizer, piping and valves at boiler design steaming capacity.

2.1.2.5 For heat exchangers and pressure vessels incorporated in refrigerating plants

the design pressure shall be taken as specified in 2.2.2, Part XII "Refrigerating Plants".

2.1.3 Design temperature.

2.1.3.1 For the purpose of determining the allowable stresses depending on the

temperature of the medium and heating conditions, the design wall temperature shall be taken

as not lower than that indicated in Table 2.1.3.1.

2.1.3.2 The design wall temperature  of steam superheater elements with maximum

temperature of superheated steam 



 400 °C shall be determined for several steam

superheater cross-sections with regard to possible operational increase in temperature

of separate elements and parts within the range of any possible operational steaming capacity.

The maximum temperature obtained from calculation for the most stressed cross-sections

of the steam superheater shall be taken as a design temperature.

Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea-Going Ships (Part X)

T a b l e 2.1.3.1

Nos

Boiler, heat exchanger, pressure vessel elements and operating

conditions thereof

Design wall

temperature, °C

Elements exposed to radiant heat

1.1

Boiler tubes





 

1.2

Steam superheater tubes



1.3

Corrugated furnaces





 

1.4

Plain furnaces, headers, combustion and other chambers





 

Elements heated by hot gases but protected against radiant

heat effect

2.1

Shells, end plates, headers, chambers, tube plates and boiler tubes





 

2.2

Headers and steam superheater tubes at steam temperatures up

to 400 °C





 

2.3

Headers and steam superheater tubes at steam temperatures above

400 °C





 

2.4

Waste-heat boilers operating without flame cleaning of heating

surfaces





 

2.5

Waste-heat boilers operating with flame cleaning of heating surfaces





Elements heated by steam or fluids





Non-heated elements





S y m b o l s :





= maximum temperature of heated medium in the element under consideration, °C;





= maximum temperature of heating fluid, °C;

 = rated design temperature of the tube wall determined from 2.1.3.2, °C;

 = steam temperature increase in the most heat-stressed tube as against the mean temperature 



(refer to 2.1.3.2), °C;

 = factor characterizing steam mixing in the steam superheater header:

 = 0 at the concentrated steam supply to the header sides and ends;

 = 0,5 at the uniform dispersed steam supply to the header.

Refer to 2.1.3.4.

Refer to 2.1.3.3.

The rated design temperature of steam superheater tube walls at 



 400 °C (refer to 2.5

of Table 2.1.3.1) is obtained from the formula

 



 



  (2.1.3.2-1)

where 



= mean temperature of steam in the tube cross-section under consideration, °C.





is determined from the analysis of thermal conditions of the steam superheater

operation and its layouts and also from the results of thermal calculations for the boiler;





= mean difference between the design temperature of the tube wall and steam

temperature in the tube cross-section under consideration, °C. To determine this

difference, it is necessary to calculate or obtain from the boiler thermal calculations the

following values:





= coefficient of heat transfer from flue gases to the tube wall taken as a mean value

around the circumference of the tube, W/(m

·K);





= coefficient of heat transfer from the tube wall to steam, W/(m

·K);





= coefficient of heat transfer by radiator, W/(m

·K);





= temperature of flue gases in front of the row of tubes under consideration, °C;





is determined from Fig. 2.1.3.2-1.

Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea-Going Ships (Part X)

Fig. 2.1.3.2-3

2.1.3.3 The walls are considered to be non-heated in the following cases:

.1 the walls are separated from the combustion space or uptake by fire-resistant

insulation, the distance between walls and insulation being 300 mm and over; or

.2 the walls are protected with fire-resistant insulation not exposed to radiant heat.

2.1.3.4 The walls are considered to be protected from radiant heat effect in the

following cases:

.1 the walls are protected with fire-resistant insulation; or

.2 the walls are protected by a closely spaced row of tubes (with a maximum clearance

between the tubes in the row up to 3 mm); or

.3 the walls are protected by two staggered rows of tubes with a longitudinal pitch

equal to a maximum of two outside tube diameters or by three or more staggered rows

of tubes with a longitudinal pitch equal to a maximum of two and a half outside tube diameters.

2.1.3.5 The design temperature for heated walls of the boiler and non-heated walls

of the steam-conducting boiler elements shall not be less than 250 °C.

2.1.3.6 Non-insulated boiler walls measuring over 20 mm in thickness and heated

by flue gases may be used only at gas temperatures up to 800 °C. If, with wall thicknesses

measuring less than 20 mm and flue gas temperatures running higher than 800 °C,

there are areas extending over 8 tube diameters and unprotected by insulation or by tube

rows, the design wall temperature shall be determined by thermal stress analysis.

The requirements concerning the wall protection from radiant heat effect are given in 3.2.8.

2.1.3.7 The design wall temperature for heat exchangers and pressure vessels operating

under coolant pressure shall be taken as equal to 20 °C if occurrence of higher temperature

is not possible.

2.1.4 Strength characteristics of materials and allowable stresses.

2.1.4.1 When determining the allowable stresses in carbon and alloy steels with the ratio

of the upper yield stress 



to tensile strength 



not exceeding 0,6, the lower yield

stress 



or proof stress 



and the average stress to produce rupture in

100 000 h 





at design temperatures shall be adopted as design characteristics.

For steels having the ratio of the upper yield stress to tensile strength above 0,6,

the tensile strength 



at design temperature shall be adopted additionally.

剩余85页未读，继续阅读

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资源: 1993

"2021俄罗斯海事登记船舶规则：海洋船舶第X部分锅炉、换热器和压力容器"

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