感知数字成像技术与应用

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"Perceptual Digital Imaging Methods and Applications" 是一本深入探讨视觉感知与数字成像技术结合的著作，由 Rastislav Lukac 编辑。这本书属于 Digital Imaging and Computer Vision Series 系列，涵盖了计算机视觉、图像处理以及视觉感知等多个领域的研究进展。在图像处理领域，感知数字成像是一个关键的研究方向。它基于人眼视觉系统的生理和神经机制，以及大脑对视觉信息的解析，旨在设计出更高效且效果优良的成像解决方案。这一领域的发展得益于计算机视觉、图像处理、神经科学和信息工程等多学科的交叉融合。视觉感知在数字成像中的应用不仅提升了传统成像方法的能力，而且已经在各种商业产品中得到广泛运用，特别是在新兴的数字摄影、视觉通信、多媒体和数字娱乐领域。例如，通过理解人类视觉系统的局限性和特点，可以优化图像的压缩算法，减少数据量的同时保持图像的视觉质量；或者在图像增强和恢复中，利用视觉感知理论可以更加精确地复原图像细节，提高观看体验。本书《Perceptual Digital Imaging: Methods and Applications》可能涵盖了以下几个方面的内容： 1. **视觉感知基础**：阐述视觉感知的物理、神经和认知过程，包括色彩感知、空间频率响应、对比敏感度等因素在成像系统中的作用。 2. **图像处理技术**：介绍如何利用视觉感知原理改进图像处理算法，如降噪、锐化、色彩校正等，以适应人类视觉系统的需求。 3. **视觉通信**：讨论在视频流传输中，如何根据视觉感知特性进行优化，减少带宽需求，同时保持良好的视觉效果。 4. **多媒体应用**：分析在游戏、虚拟现实等多媒体应用中，感知数字成像如何提升用户体验，如动态模糊处理、视差效果的模拟等。 5. **数字娱乐**：探讨感知成像在电影制作、广告设计等方面的应用，如何通过理解和利用视觉感知来创造更具吸引力的内容。 6. **超级分辨率**：讲述如何通过计算方法提高图像的分辨率，这在视觉感知的角度尤为重要，因为人眼对于细节的感知有限。 7. **图像恢复与重建**：介绍利用视觉感知理论进行图像去噪、去模糊、修复古老艺术品等技术，以尽可能接近真实视觉体验。 8. **视觉加密与秘密图像分享**：可能涵盖如何利用视觉感知设计安全的图像加密和分享策略，确保信息的安全性。 9. **图形处理与分析**：可能涉及如何利用图论方法来处理和分析图像，以提高处理效率和结果的准确性。这些内容展示了感知数字成像在不同领域的广泛影响和潜在应用，不仅推动了科学技术的进步，也极大地丰富了我们的视觉体验。

The

Editor

Rastisla

Lukac (www

.colorimageprocessing.com) received

M.S. (Ing.) and Ph.D. degrees in telecommunications from the

Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic, in 1998 and

2001, respectively. From February 2001 to August 2002, he

was an assistant professor with the Department of Electronics

and Multimedia Communications at the Technical University of

Kosice. From August 2002 to July 2003, he was a researcher with

the Slovak Image Processing Center in Dobsina, Slovak Republic.

From January 2003 to March 2003, he was a postdoctoral fellow

with the Artiﬁcial Intelligence and Information Analysis Labora-

tory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. From May 2003 to August

2006, he was a postdoctoral fellow with the Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electri-

cal and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. From

September 2006 to May 2009, he was a senior image processing scientist at Epson Canada

Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In June 2009, he was a visiting researcher with the Intel-

ligent Systems Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Since

August 2009, he has been a senior digital imaging scientist at Foveon, Inc. / Sigma Corp.,

San Jose, California, USA. Dr. Lukac is the author of ﬁve books and four textbooks, a con-

tributor to twelve books and three textbooks, and he has published more than 200 scholarly

research papers in the areas of digital camera image processing, color image and video pro-

cessing, multimedia security, and microarray image processing. He holds 12 patents and

has authored 25 additional patent-pending inventions in the areas of digital color imaging

and pattern recognition. He has been cited more than 700 times in peer-review journals

covered by the Science Citation Index (SCI).

Dr. Lukac is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE), where he belongs to the Circuits and Systems, Consumer Electronics, and Sig-

nal Processing societies. He is an editor of the books Perceptual Digital Imaging: Meth-

ods and Applications (October 2012), Computational Photography: Methods and Applica-

tions (October 2010), Single-Sensor Imaging: Methods and Applications for Digital Cam-

eras (September 2008), and Color Image Processing: Methods and Applications (October

2006), all published by CRC Press / Taylor & Francis. He is a guest editor of Real-Time

Imaging, Special Issue on Multi-Dimensional Image Processing, Computer Vision and Im-

age Understanding, Special Issue on Color Image Processing, International Journal of

Imaging Systems and Technology, Special Issue on Applied Color Image Processing, and

International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artiﬁcial Intelligence, Special Issue on

Facial Image Processing and Analysis. He is an associate editor for the IEEE Transac-

tions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology and the Journal of Real-Time Image

Char

acteristics

Human Vision

Stefan Winkler

1.1 Introduction .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Eye . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 2

1.2.1 Physical Principles . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 2

1.2.2 Optics of the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2.3 Optical Quality . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.2.4 Eye Movements . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . 5

1.3 Retina . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.3.1 Photoreceptors . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.3.2 Retinal Neurons .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 9

1.4 Visual Pathways . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.4.1 Lateral Geniculate Nucleus . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . 11

1.4.2 Visual Cortex . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . 12

1.4.3 Multichannel Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . 13

1.5 Sensitivity to Light . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.5.1 Light Adaptation . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 14

1.5.2 Contrast Sensitivity . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 15

1.5.3 Contrast Sensitivity Functions . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.5.4 Image Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17

1.5.5 Lightness Perception . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.6 Masking and Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.6.1 Contrast Masking . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 21

1.6.2 Pattern Masking . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 22

1.6.3 Masking Models . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 23

1.6.4 Pattern Adaptation . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 24

1.7 Color Perception . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

1.7.1 Color Matching . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 24

1.7.2 Opponent Colors . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 26

1.7.3 Color Spaces and Conversions .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 27

1.8 Depth Perception . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

1.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . 30

Acknowledgment .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . 30

References . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

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