Google App Engine实战

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"Using Google App Engine - Charles Severance" 本书《Using Google App Engine》由Charles Severance撰写，详细介绍了如何使用Google的云平台服务——Google App Engine（GAE）。Google App Engine是一个平台即服务（PaaS）解决方案，允许开发者构建、运行和管理web应用程序，而无需考虑底层基础设施的细节。在Google App Engine上开发应用的关键知识点包括： 1. **环境与设置**：首先，你需要安装Google App Engine SDK，这是一个开发和测试应用的必备工具。SDK提供了本地开发服务器，让你可以在本地模拟GAE的运行环境。 2. **语言支持**：GAE最初支持Python，后来增加了对Java、Go和PHP的支持。选择合适的语言取决于你的项目需求和开发经验。 3. **数据存储**：GAE使用一种名为Datastore的NoSQL数据库，它基于Bigtable技术，提供高可用性和可扩展性。理解Datastore的数据模型，如实体、键、属性和查询，是设计高效应用的基础。 4. **服务与API**：GAE提供了一系列内置服务，如任务队列、电子邮件、日历和身份验证API。学习如何有效地利用这些服务可以增强应用的功能。 5. **调度器与任务队列**：用于后台处理和异步任务，可以确保任务在适当的时间执行，即使在高负载下也能保持应用的响应速度。 6. **URL路由与请求处理**：GAE使用HTTP来处理web请求，开发者需要定义URL映射规则，以便正确地处理不同的请求类型。 7. **部署与版本控制**：使用GAE的命令行工具或集成开发环境（IDE），你可以将代码部署到生产环境中。同时，理解版本控制对于管理多个应用版本至关重要。 8. **性能与计费**：GAE的计费模式基于资源使用，如CPU时间、内存消耗和数据存储。优化代码和设计以减少资源消耗，可以有效控制成本。 9. **自动缩放**：GAE会自动根据应用负载调整实例数量，以确保服务的稳定性和响应速度。了解如何配置自动缩放策略是维持高性能应用的关键。 10. **错误处理与监控**：GAE提供了详细的日志记录和性能监控工具，帮助开发者诊断问题并优化应用性能。 11. **安全与身份验证**：通过Google Accounts或OAuth进行用户认证，可以保护应用免受未经授权的访问。理解这些安全机制对于保护用户数据至关重要。 12. **持续集成与部署**：集成版本控制系统如Git和持续集成工具，如Jenkins或Travis CI，可以帮助实现自动化部署，确保代码质量。本书详细涵盖了以上这些主题，并通过实例指导读者逐步掌握使用Google App Engine构建web应用的全过程。对于希望利用云技术构建可扩展、可靠的在线服务的开发者来说，这是一本不可多得的指南。

Chapter 5, The App Engine webapp Framework

Properly written App Engine programs consist of a set of cooperating objects. The

object-oriented design pattern is how we create and link these objects to get our

work done. In this chapter, I teach the basics of object-oriented Python and then

jump right into a sample App Engine program using the Google object-oriented

web framework. Like the rest of the background chapters, I explain the basics of

objects in Python by covering only what you need to know for App Engine.

Chapter 6, Templates

In this chapter, I introduce the first part of the Model-View-Controller pattern used

in most web frameworks. Using templates, I separate the look and feel of the ap-

plication (the View) from the rest of the logic of the application. Templates are files

that contain HTML augmented using the Django template language to allow cer-

tain areas of the HTML to contain information that comes from your Python code

(the Controller). You will learn about basic templates as well as inherited

templates—where common material is kept in one file and reused across many

files—object-oriented templates, as it were.

Chapter 7, Cookies and Sessions

In this chapter, I introduce the concept of a session. Sessions and cookies combine

to allow the web server to work with multiple simultaneous users. Sessions asso-

ciate bits of information, such as the name of the currently logged-in user, with

one particular browser so that it can distinguish which incoming requests come

from which browser.

Chapter 8, App Engine Datastore

Google App Engine does not provide you with a relational database. Experts in

relational databases will likely feel a bit out of their element when they first look

at the Google App Engine Models and Datastore. Readers who have never learned

relational databases can be quite thankful that Models (as in Model-View-

Controller) are much simpler to use than relational databases. Also, Google has

learned through experience that relational databases simply cannot scale to levels

beyond millions of users. The Google Datastore can be scaled well beyond a million

users. Although you may never need to scale to several million users, you will like

how using Models makes storage easier.

Chapter 9, JavaScript, jQuery, and AJAX

This chapter adds a little in-browser interactivity to our application via jQuery and

AJAX to implement a simple multiuser chat. It also covers how you create multiple

data models and link data objects together in the Google Datastore. I explain just

enough JavaScript, jQuery, and AJAX to help you understand how your application

works with these technologies.

Chapter 10, Running Your Application on the Google Infrastructure

This chapter covers how to run your application in the Google infrastructure cloud.

You will learn how to get your free App Engine accounts and then upload your

software into the cloud. You also learn about the administration interfaces that

xiv | Preface

allow you to monitor and manage your application and data while you are in

production.

Chapter 11, Memory Cache

The App Engine Memory Cache is a critical technology for making fast and scalable

websites. Clever use of Memory Cache can dramatically reduce the load on a

Datastore or the network and increase application responsiveness, particularly for

material that is read over and over. In this chapter, we explore how the Memory

Cache works and develop simple Session capability using the Memory Cache.

Teaching with This Book

This book came out of a University of Michigan School of Information course titled

“Design of Complex Websites (SI539).” This course explores emerging web technol-

ogies, including ColdFusion, PHP, Ruby on Rails, and now Google Application Engine.

The basic idea of the course was to teach in one semester students with very limited

technical background enough about database-backed web development “to be dan-

gerous to themselves and others.” The course and book are aimed at introducing these

concepts to a nontechnical audience.

The book is written at a beginning level; I think that it can be used to support a semester-

long “Introduction to Web Programming” course from high school through graduate

school. Because this book includes introductions to Python and to HTML and CSS, I

hope that it can be used by itself or with supporting material.

For beginning students, you can have a series of assignments that are very similar to

the examples in the book, with minor changes such as color or adding images to pages.

The assignments can be made more difficult by having the students do a series of par-

allel, but different, projects that correspond roughly to the concepts in the book’s run-

ning examples.

The book can also be used to support a one-day workshop in App Engine. It would

probably be difficult to teach Python, HTML, CSS, and App Engine in a single day. But

because the examples are a single evolving application and each example builds on the

previous one, it is possible to skip steps in the interest of time. You might have one

exercise where the students modify the ae-08-login example (login without session) to

produce ae-09-session (login with session) and then skip ahead to modify the ae-11-

chat (non-AJAX chat) to produce ae-12-ajax (AJAX-based chat). The chapters walk

readers through the necessary changes from each version of the application to the next.

To help support the use of the book in a classroom setting, I provide freely reusable

classroom materials that make it easier to use the book in other courses at my personal

website (http://www.dr-chuck.com). I would love to hear from other teachers who use

the book so that we can all share our experiences, assignments, tips, and lecture

materials.

Preface | xv

For this book, Judy Loukides was also a great help in getting the book together on time.

Judy jumped in and helped at a very crucial moment when time was running out and

her help is greatly appreciated.

I have two good friends, mentors, colleagues, and coauthors in Noah Botimer and

Gonzalo Silverio. Gonzalo has always been my guide to learning CSS throughout the

Sakai project and as I taught CSS in my courses at the University of Michigan. He taught

me that CSS was really clean and straightforward. It is particularly straightforward if

you can always run to Gonzalo when you run into a difficult bit. Noah has always been

there to help me figure out the really difficult things. He is great at digging into how

something really works and helping me understand it well enough to teach the material

to my students and take all the credit.

The technical reviewers did a great job of making sure that the book was sound. Trek

Glowaki, Nick Johnson, Steven Githens, Kirby Urner, and Matt Simmons all did a great

job in a very short time frame. I also want to thank Pete Koomen of Google for his

encouragement at the 2008 Google I/O conference and throughout the process.

Paul Resnick, Sean Munson, Jim Eng, Marc Alier, and Jordi Piguillem Poch took the

risk of using the book in their courses even before it was published. I very much ap-

preciate their feedback and guidance as well as the feedback I got from their students.

I need to thank the students from the “Design of Complex Websites” course at the

University of Michigan in Fall 2008, who showed amazing patience as I gave them the

earliest versions of each chapter, often produced only a few hours before lecture. They

read the chapters carefully, patiently pointed out places where the narrative “dropped

the ball,” and reread the revised versions of the chapters.

I certainly appreciate how my students, friends, and colleagues gave me the space and

time to write the book.

And I want to thank my parents, Marcia and Russ, for setting high expectations and

helping me to learn to always think outside the box and always be prepared for new

experiences. I want to thank my wife, Teresa, and my children, Amanda and Brent, for

being patient during those months where I pretty much had no time for anything else

except “the book.”

xviii | Preface

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